{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410226837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3569086","title":"TARGET: Traffic Rule-Based Test Generation for Autonomous Driving via Validated LLM-Guided Knowledge Extraction","display_name":"TARGET: Traffic Rule-Based Test Generation for Autonomous Driving via Validated LLM-Guided Knowledge Extraction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410226837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3569086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3569086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3569086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068349578","display_name":"Yao Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9762-7058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9762-7058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030099989","display_name":"Zhi Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-164X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-164X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101202136","display_name":"Jiaohong Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaohong Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7959-494X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101487082","display_name":"Mengshi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926333354","display_name":"Tetra Tech (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03fk8t087","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926333354"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengshi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TensorBlock, Newark, DE, USA","TensorBlock, Newark, DE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0025-6837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TensorBlock, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926333354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TensorBlock, Newark, DE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tianyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5468-9347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5468-9347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081182489","display_name":"Xi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-2355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-2355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2225,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96627991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"7","first_page":"1950","last_page":"1968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8341348767280579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-system","display_name":"Rule-based system","score":0.503351628780365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4712529480457306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33989912271499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24691122770309448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8341348767280579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149271511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417149","display_name":"Rule-based system","level":2,"score":0.503351628780365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4712529480457306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33989912271499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24691122770309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3569086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3569086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W2142235835","https://openalex.org/W2155243985","https://openalex.org/W2156515921","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2566243177","https://openalex.org/W2798786289","https://openalex.org/W2888483609","https://openalex.org/W2952402617","https://openalex.org/W2954032282","https://openalex.org/W2957066083","https://openalex.org/W2963657083","https://openalex.org/W2969033227","https://openalex.org/W2970089253","https://openalex.org/W3004364812","https://openalex.org/W3012481664","https://openalex.org/W3047641937","https://openalex.org/W3101000982","https://openalex.org/W3117590843","https://openalex.org/W3203076355","https://openalex.org/W3209361819","https://openalex.org/W4206742615","https://openalex.org/W4212917712","https://openalex.org/W4225349279","https://openalex.org/W4285206226","https://openalex.org/W4287114153","https://openalex.org/W4289535158","https://openalex.org/W4298874344","https://openalex.org/W4308642992","https://openalex.org/W4308643085","https://openalex.org/W4312381959","https://openalex.org/W4312862130","https://openalex.org/W4313563570","https://openalex.org/W4319438119","https://openalex.org/W4323644408","https://openalex.org/W4353056919","https://openalex.org/W4384304657","https://openalex.org/W4385570371","https://openalex.org/W4389520749","https://openalex.org/W4391558361","https://openalex.org/W4391768719","https://openalex.org/W4391876619","https://openalex.org/W4400583053","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W4406466506","https://openalex.org/W4412158322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"incidents":[1],"with":[2,121],"autonomous":[3,20],"vehicles":[4],"highlight":[5],"the":[6,83,168],"need":[7],"for":[8,19,101],"rigorous":[9],"testing":[10],"to":[11,51,74,85,113,162,170],"ensure":[12],"safety":[13],"and":[14,78,87,98,135,145,167],"robustness.":[15],"Constructing":[16],"test":[17,36,89],"scenarios":[18,37,90,115,123],"driving":[21],"systems":[22],"(ADSs),":[23],"however,":[24],"is":[25],"labor-intensive.":[26],"We":[27],"propose":[28],"TARGET,":[29],"an":[30,163],"end-to-end":[31],"framework":[32],"that":[33],"automatically":[34],"generates":[35,142],"from":[38,54,125],"traffic":[39,55,127],"rules.":[40,56],"To":[41,57],"address":[42],"complexity,":[43],"we":[44,67],"leverage":[45],"a":[46,69,92],"Large":[47],"Language":[48],"Model":[49],"(LLM)":[50],"extract":[52],"knowledge":[53],"mitigate":[58],"hallucinations":[59],"caused":[60],"by":[61,157],"large":[62],"context":[63],"during":[64],"input":[65],"processing,":[66],"introduce":[68],"domain-specific":[70],"language":[71],"(DSL)":[72],"designed":[73],"be":[75],"syntactically":[76],"simple":[77],"compositional.":[79],"This":[80],"design":[81],"allows":[82],"LLM":[84],"learn":[86],"generate":[88],"in":[91,116],"modular":[93],"manner":[94],"while":[95],"enabling":[96],"syntactic":[97],"semantic":[99],"validation":[100],"each":[102,139],"component.":[103],"Based":[104],"on":[105],"these":[106],"validated":[107],"representations,":[108],"TARGET":[109,129,141],"synthesizes":[110],"executable":[111],"scripts":[112],"render":[114],"simulation.":[117],"Evaluated":[118],"seven":[119],"ADSs":[120],"284":[122],"derived":[124],"54":[126],"rules,":[128],"uncovered":[130],"610":[131],"rule":[132],"violations,":[133],"collisions,":[134],"other":[136,169],"issues.":[137],"For":[138],"violation,":[140],"scenario":[143],"recordings":[144],"detailed":[146],"logs,":[147],"aiding":[148],"root":[149],"cause":[150],"analysis.":[151],"Two":[152],"identified":[153],"issues":[154],"were":[155],"confirmed":[156],"ADS":[158,172],"developers:":[159],"one":[160],"linked":[161],"existing":[164],"bug":[165],"report":[166],"limited":[171],"functionality.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-05-10T00:00:00"}