{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410086700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","title":"Relationship Between Model-Based Decision-Making and the Comprehension Performance of Source Code With Confusing Patterns","display_name":"Relationship Between Model-Based Decision-Making and the Comprehension Performance of Source Code With Confusing Patterns","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410086700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3566537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuichi Sugiyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8128-1323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Sugiyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan","Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8128-1323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021446360","display_name":"Shuji Morisaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8290-0584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuji Morisaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan","Nagoya University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8290-0584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagoya University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061861947","display_name":"Asako Toyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5212-7316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111428342","display_name":"Hitotsubashi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jqj7p05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111428342"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asako Toyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan","Hitotsubashi University (Htotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5212-7316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111428342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hitotsubashi University (Htotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111428342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033816900","display_name":"Kentaro Katahira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-3938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kentaro Katahira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan","National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-3938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12564692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"6","first_page":"1783","last_page":"1800"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8604122400283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.6540752053260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.6288978457450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5709152221679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5034176707267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4677719175815582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4360354244709015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34449878334999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32211291790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.26780593395233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.2025040090084076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8604122400283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.6540752053260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.6288978457450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5709152221679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5034176707267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4677719175815582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4360354244709015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34449878334999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32211291790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.26780593395233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.2025040090084076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3566537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1121492139","https://openalex.org/W1554638674","https://openalex.org/W1951616283","https://openalex.org/W1983626524","https://openalex.org/W1989756802","https://openalex.org/W1991079201","https://openalex.org/W1994718921","https://openalex.org/W2000080957","https://openalex.org/W2005019823","https://openalex.org/W2007828825","https://openalex.org/W2014232144","https://openalex.org/W2014329956","https://openalex.org/W2018982342","https://openalex.org/W2022306354","https://openalex.org/W2024166834","https://openalex.org/W2031681640","https://openalex.org/W2039051284","https://openalex.org/W2046411892","https://openalex.org/W2058815839","https://openalex.org/W2066160591","https://openalex.org/W2070871741","https://openalex.org/W2072217388","https://openalex.org/W2078235355","https://openalex.org/W2083990785","https://openalex.org/W2087615164","https://openalex.org/W2096648742","https://openalex.org/W2097750323","https://openalex.org/W2098020453","https://openalex.org/W2102803424","https://openalex.org/W2103492232","https://openalex.org/W2104705471","https://openalex.org/W2108086273","https://openalex.org/W2110466953","https://openalex.org/W2117194251","https://openalex.org/W2119328422","https://openalex.org/W2121001250","https://openalex.org/W2129005287","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2133157311","https://openalex.org/W2133315533","https://openalex.org/W2134259940","https://openalex.org/W2139543149","https://openalex.org/W2143206534","https://openalex.org/W2146382385","https://openalex.org/W2147617769","https://openalex.org/W2151996389","https://openalex.org/W2153894094","https://openalex.org/W2153991016","https://openalex.org/W2154809255","https://openalex.org/W2155788121","https://openalex.org/W2156428374","https://openalex.org/W2158060782","https://openalex.org/W2159739762","https://openalex.org/W2159880741","https://openalex.org/W2161222712","https://openalex.org/W2162041430","https://openalex.org/W2166697993","https://openalex.org/W2167362547","https://openalex.org/W2168924589","https://openalex.org/W2169232226","https://openalex.org/W2171234119","https://openalex.org/W2178583635","https://openalex.org/W2288341381","https://openalex.org/W2326342526","https://openalex.org/W2336319629","https://openalex.org/W2419503723","https://openalex.org/W2491722199","https://openalex.org/W2510619540","https://openalex.org/W2584675329","https://openalex.org/W2620790861","https://openalex.org/W2736983092","https://openalex.org/W2741643261","https://openalex.org/W2767506974","https://openalex.org/W2767705198","https://openalex.org/W2771584655","https://openalex.org/W2883915502","https://openalex.org/W2901317285","https://openalex.org/W2907904533","https://openalex.org/W2907927286","https://openalex.org/W2922250230","https://openalex.org/W2941812402","https://openalex.org/W2944586919","https://openalex.org/W4235750875","https://openalex.org/W4235786747","https://openalex.org/W4237759043","https://openalex.org/W4240049404","https://openalex.org/W4285247202","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4383898379","https://openalex.org/W6604725308","https://openalex.org/W6621924490","https://openalex.org/W6636996492","https://openalex.org/W6661559834","https://openalex.org/W6737622613","https://openalex.org/W6753218581","https://openalex.org/W6795693540","https://openalex.org/W7024636068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2724855087","https://openalex.org/W2886906914","https://openalex.org/W2884362859","https://openalex.org/W1508879959","https://openalex.org/W2123179197","https://openalex.org/W2008149650","https://openalex.org/W2122804569","https://openalex.org/W1995506819","https://openalex.org/W2110798500","https://openalex.org/W2899084096"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:Confusing":[0],"source":[1,57,84,131,140,157],"code":[2,58,85,90,132,135,141,158,163],"requires":[3],"deliberate":[4],"comprehension.":[5],"Recent":[6],"psychology":[7],"studies":[8],"have":[9],"characterized":[10],"individual":[11,33],"decision-making":[12],"differences":[13,34],"as":[14],"model-free":[15],"(fast":[16],"and":[17,19,22,51,59,72,87,144,160],"automatic)":[18],"model-based":[20,39,49,70,97,116],"(slow":[21],"deliberative)":[23],"decision-making.":[24],"A":[25],"framework":[26],"has":[27,118],"been":[28],"proposed":[29],"to":[30],"estimate":[31],"an":[32,80],"in":[35,76],"the":[36,43,46,52,61,67,94,105,113,123,147],"degree":[37,47,68,95,114],"of":[38,45,48,55,63,69,96,107,115,125],"control.Aims:This":[40],"study":[41,82],"investigates":[42],"correlation":[44,62,121],"control":[50,71,98,117],"comprehension":[53,64],"performance":[54,65],"confusing":[56,89,134,162],"compares":[60],"between":[66,156],"developer":[73,149,153],"skills":[74],"reported":[75],"previous":[77],"studies.Method:We":[78],"conducted":[79],"observational":[81],"using":[83,152],"with":[86,122,133,137,159],"without":[88,161],"patterns.":[91,164],"We":[92],"measured":[93],"for":[99,128],"each":[100],"participant.Results:Multiple":[101],"regression":[102],"analysis":[103],"on":[104],"results":[106],"91":[108],"software":[109],"engineers":[110],"showed":[111],"that":[112],"a":[119],"positive":[120],"percentage":[124],"correct":[126],"answers":[127],"questions":[129],"about":[130],"patterns":[136],"statistical":[138],"significance.Conclusion:In":[139],"reviews,":[142],"refactoring,":[143],"enhancement":[145],"development,":[146],"appropriate":[148],"assignment":[150],"criteria":[151],"attributes":[154],"differ":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
