{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409771286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","title":"Testing CPS With Design Assumptions-Based Metamorphic Relations and Genetic Programming","display_name":"Testing CPS With Design Assumptions-Based Metamorphic Relations and Genetic Programming","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409771286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3563121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061413377","display_name":"Claudio Mandrioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7013-1191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Mandrioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7013-1191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088550214","display_name":"Seung Yeob Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9025-7173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung Yeob Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9025-7173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038017715","display_name":"Domenico Bianculli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-685X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Bianculli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-685X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078533117","display_name":"Lionel Briand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel Briand","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","University of Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061413377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3465,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93688725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"6","first_page":"1666","last_page":"1684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8055000305175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.5629310011863708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5153412222862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3993993401527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2130221724510193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8055000305175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.5629310011863708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5153412222862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3993993401527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2130221724510193}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/64828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/64828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 51 (6), 1666 - 1684 (2025-06-06)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3563121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1075774227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IPBG19/14016225/INSTRUCT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","funder_display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1482659561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2523042533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101148870","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338448","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338448","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139549393","https://openalex.org/W184219092","https://openalex.org/W1509254601","https://openalex.org/W2011482087","https://openalex.org/W2027986690","https://openalex.org/W2044286462","https://openalex.org/W2141552127","https://openalex.org/W2293761843","https://openalex.org/W2295584263","https://openalex.org/W2607361017","https://openalex.org/W2782311202","https://openalex.org/W2788220863","https://openalex.org/W2955012332","https://openalex.org/W3043550678","https://openalex.org/W3044926166","https://openalex.org/W3089624132","https://openalex.org/W3099897542","https://openalex.org/W3113301275","https://openalex.org/W3161324927","https://openalex.org/W3193505628","https://openalex.org/W4206484402","https://openalex.org/W4234350010","https://openalex.org/W4238538572","https://openalex.org/W4247376975","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4289824822","https://openalex.org/W4312629553","https://openalex.org/W4313066996","https://openalex.org/W4313154583","https://openalex.org/W4322717938","https://openalex.org/W4384916966","https://openalex.org/W4386136258","https://openalex.org/W4399206703","https://openalex.org/W4400484669","https://openalex.org/W4400651912","https://openalex.org/W6774112282","https://openalex.org/W6803441884","https://openalex.org/W6858349062","https://openalex.org/W7034413774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-Physical":[0],"Systems":[1],"(CPSs)":[2],"software":[3,20],"is":[4,137,247,261],"used":[5],"to":[6,75,92,172,204],"enforce":[7],"desired":[8,29,52],"behaviours":[9],"on":[10,139,159,268],"physical":[11,30,38,47],"systems.":[12],"To":[13,122],"test":[14,125,175,233],"the":[15,18,22,36,45,51,80,105,110,117,124,140,160,179,197,200,206,213,220,239,245],"interaction":[16],"between":[17],"CPS":[19,40,174,182],"and":[21,32,70,128,163,231],"system\u2019s":[23],"physics,":[24],"engineers":[25,223],"provide":[26],"traces":[27,34,48,63,184,203,210,242],"of":[28,35,82,100,142,166,181,208,241],"states":[31],"observe":[33],"actual":[37,46],"states.":[39],"requirements":[41,55],"describe":[42],"how":[43],"closely":[44],"should":[49],"track":[50],"traces.":[53,194],"These":[54],"are":[56,72,114,120],"typically":[57],"defined":[58],"for":[59,84],"specific,":[60],"simple":[61],"input":[62,183,209],"such":[64],"as":[65],"step":[66],"or":[67],"ramp":[68],"sequences,":[69],"thus":[71],"not":[73],"applicable":[74],"arbitrary":[76,187],"inputs.":[77],"This":[78,102,177],"limits":[79],"availability":[81],"oracles":[83],"CPSs.":[85],"Our":[86,215],"recent":[87],"work":[88],"proposes":[89],"an":[90],"approach":[91,103,259,266],"testing":[93],"CPSs":[94],"using":[95,169],"control-theoretical":[96,111],"design":[97,118,161],"assumptions":[98,119,162],"instead":[99],"requirements.":[101],"circumvents":[104],"oracle":[106,129],"problem":[107],"by":[108,264],"leveraging":[109],"guarantees":[112],"that":[113,211,219,238,243],"provided":[115],"when":[116],"satisfied.":[121],"address":[123],"case":[126],"generation":[127,180,207,240,258],"problems,":[130],"researchers":[131],"have":[132],"proposed":[133],"metamorphic":[134,147],"testing,":[135],"which":[136,251],"based":[138,158,267],"study":[141],"relations":[143,148],"across":[144],"tests,":[145],"i.e.,":[146],"(MRs).":[149],"<p":[150],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">In":[152],"this":[153],"work,":[154],"we":[155,236],"define":[156],"MRs":[157,168,246],"explore":[164],"combinations":[165],"these":[167],"genetic":[170,269],"programming":[171],"generate":[173],"cases.":[176,234],"enables":[178],"with":[185,190,224,255],"potentially":[186],"shapes,":[188],"together":[189],"associated":[191],"expected":[192,201],"output":[193,202],"We":[195],"use":[196],"deviation":[198],"from":[199],"guide":[205],"falsify":[212,244],"MRs.":[214],"experiment":[216],"results":[217],"show":[218,237],"MR-falsification":[221],"provides":[222],"new":[225],"information,":[226],"helping":[227],"them":[228],"identify":[229],"passed":[230],"failed":[232],"Furthermore,":[235],"a":[248,256],"non-trivial":[249],"problem,":[250],"cannot":[252],"be":[253],"addressed":[254,263],"random":[257],"but":[260],"successfully":[262],"our":[265],"search.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
