{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409221414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3558403","title":"Retrieval-Augmented Fine-Tuning for Improving Retrieve-and-Edit Based Assertion Generation","display_name":"Retrieval-Augmented Fine-Tuning for Improving Retrieve-and-Edit Based Assertion Generation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409221414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3558403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3558403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3558403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2204-4648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2204-4648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101650869","display_name":"Weifeng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6013-1369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6013-1369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070783668","display_name":"Meng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9538-9121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9538-9121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101467167","display_name":"Ling Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7203-511X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7203-511X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2750-2130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2750-2130","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1767-9342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1767-9342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412598","display_name":"Hongyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-9425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-9425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93450933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"5","first_page":"1591","last_page":"1614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8898563385009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assertion","display_name":"Assertion","score":0.7749747633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4272438585758209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.425203800201416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8898563385009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.7749747633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4272438585758209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.425203800201416}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3558403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3558403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1959641361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023CDJKYJH013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6572571148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G804772563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965194038","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W2002753905","https://openalex.org/W2682664750","https://openalex.org/W2766521509","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W3005628256","https://openalex.org/W3086938529","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3122527318","https://openalex.org/W3161997752","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4206238733","https://openalex.org/W4206738852","https://openalex.org/W4221166942","https://openalex.org/W4236219643","https://openalex.org/W4252326246","https://openalex.org/W4281479826","https://openalex.org/W4284681867","https://openalex.org/W4284690374","https://openalex.org/W4285204876","https://openalex.org/W4308643152","https://openalex.org/W4313547604","https://openalex.org/W4380520352","https://openalex.org/W4384155677","https://openalex.org/W4384302749","https://openalex.org/W4384345664","https://openalex.org/W4384345708","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385572142","https://openalex.org/W4388502390","https://openalex.org/W4389162095","https://openalex.org/W4389162178","https://openalex.org/W4389544203","https://openalex.org/W4399567436","https://openalex.org/W4403186335","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6635446068","https://openalex.org/W6742632731","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6769311223","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6771917389","https://openalex.org/W6783227185","https://openalex.org/W6783958930","https://openalex.org/W6790588633","https://openalex.org/W6795855765","https://openalex.org/W6798182279","https://openalex.org/W6847076865","https://openalex.org/W6856274983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1498103021","https://openalex.org/W4230849338","https://openalex.org/W4295166216","https://openalex.org/W2177044681","https://openalex.org/W1968067090","https://openalex.org/W2345942070","https://openalex.org/W2141398161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unit":[0],"Testing":[1],"is":[2,16,25,53,110,123,246,252],"crucial":[3],"in":[4,116,185,457,473],"software":[5],"development":[6],"and":[7,43,92,131,149,154,234,270,301,334,374,399,430,446,455,459],"maintenance,":[8],"aiming":[9],"to":[10,39,86,113,125,133,172,178,277,295,318,329,392,408],"verify":[11],"that":[12,55,102,194,293,309,435,483],"the":[13,19,35,50,59,103,135,139,155,174,180,195,227,231,239,249,267,271,289,307,311,394,397,411,416,431,465,490,497],"implemented":[14],"functionality":[15],"consistent":[17],"with":[18,81,449],"expected":[20,51],"functionality.":[21],"A":[22],"unit":[23,36,63,151],"test":[24,31,38,45,90,147],"composed":[26],"of":[27,61,106,128,182,197,213,242,265,286,288,304,306,340,396,453,467],"two":[28,427],"parts:":[29],"a":[30,40,44,82,146,150,165,261,367,371,379,388],"prefix,":[32],"which":[33,47,275,350],"drives":[34],"under":[37,54,152],"particular":[41],"state,":[42],"assertion,":[46],"determines":[48],"what":[49],"behavior":[52],"state.":[56],"To":[57],"reduce":[58],"effort":[60],"conducting":[62],"tests":[64],"manually,":[65],"Yu":[66],"et":[67],"al.":[68],"proposed":[69,164],"an":[70,284,302],"integrated":[71],"approach":[72,85,167],"(<italic":[73,142],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[74,108,121,143,170,199,215,244,258,345,347,361,363,383,385,418,420,437,439,469,471,485,487],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">integration</i>":[75,109,122],"for":[76,89,221,422],"short),":[77],"combining":[78],"information":[79],"retrieval":[80,232],"deep":[83],"learning-based":[84],"generate":[87],"assertions":[88,292,308],"prefixes,":[91],"obtained":[93],"promising":[94],"results.":[95],"In":[96,282,338],"our":[97,186],"previous":[98],"work,":[99],"we":[100,162,192,342],"found":[101],"overall":[104],"performance":[105,224,425,451,466,494],"<italic":[107,120,344,360,382,417,436,468,484],"mainly":[111],"due":[112],"its":[114,376,423],"success":[115],"retrieving":[117],"assertions.":[118],"Moreover,":[119],"limited":[124],"specific":[126],"types":[127],"edit":[129,176,228,250,410],"operations":[130],"struggles":[132],"understand":[134],"semantic":[136,263,332],"differences":[137],"between":[138,230],"retrieved":[140,268],"focal-test":[141,269,273,369],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">focal-test</i>":[144],"includes":[145],"prefix":[148],"test)":[153],"input":[156,272,398],"focal-test.":[157],"Based":[158],"on":[159,324,426],"these":[160],"insights,":[161],"then":[163],"retrieve-and-edit":[166],"named":[168],"<sc":[169,198,214,243,257],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Edit</small>AS":[171,200,216,245,259],"learn":[173,393],"assertion":[175,183,233,354,377,405,443],"patterns":[177,407],"improve":[179],"effectiveness":[181,196],"generation":[184,336,355,444],"prior":[187],"study.":[188],"Despite":[189],"being":[190],"promising,":[191],"find":[193],"can":[201],"be":[202,296],"further":[203],"improved.":[204],"Our":[205],"analysis":[206],"shows":[207],"that:":[208],"\u2460":[209],"The":[210,479],"editing":[211,406],"ability":[212],"still":[217,315],"has":[218],"ample":[219],"room":[220],"improvement.":[222],"Its":[223],"degrades":[225],"as":[226,378,402,404],"distance":[229,251],"ground":[235,312],"truth":[236,313],"increases.":[237],"Specifically,":[238,359],"average":[240,285,303,450],"accuracy":[241,458],"12.38%":[247],"when":[248],"greater":[253],"than":[254],"5.":[255],"\u2461":[256],"lacks":[260],"fine-grained":[262],"understanding":[264],"both":[266],"themselves,":[274],"leads":[276],"many":[278],"inaccurate":[279],"token":[280],"modifications.":[281],"particular,":[283],"25.57%":[287],"incorrectly":[290],"generated":[291],"need":[294],"modified":[297],"are":[298,314],"not":[299],"modified,":[300],"6.45%":[305],"match":[310],"modified.":[316],"Thanks":[317],"pre-trained":[319,389,447],"models":[320],"employing":[321],"pre-training":[322],"paradigms":[323],"large-scale":[325,428],"data,":[326],"they":[327],"tend":[328],"have":[330],"good":[331],"comprehension":[333],"code":[335],"abilities.":[337],"light":[339],"this,":[341],"propose":[343],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">EditAS</i><sup":[346,362,384,419,438,470,486],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[348,364,386,421,440,472,488],",":[349],"improves":[351],"retrieval-and-edit":[352],"based":[353],"through":[356],"retrieval-augmented":[357],"fine-tuning.":[358],"first":[365,414],"retrieves":[366],"similar":[368,400],"from":[370,477],"predefined":[372],"corpus":[373],"treats":[375],"prototype.":[380,412],"Then,":[381],"uses":[387],"model,":[390],"CodeT5,":[391],"semantics":[395],"focal-tests":[401],"well":[403],"automatically":[409],"We":[413,462],"evaluate":[415,464],"inference":[424],"datasets,":[429],"experimental":[432,480],"results":[433,481],"show":[434],"outperforms":[441],"state-of-the-art":[442],"methods":[445],"models,":[448],"improvements":[452],"15.93%-129.19%":[454],"11.01%-68.88%":[456],"CodeBLEU,":[460],"respectively.":[461],"also":[463],"detecting":[474],"real-world":[475],"bugs":[476],"Defects4J.":[478],"indicate":[482],"achieves":[489],"best":[491],"bug":[492],"detection":[493],"among":[495],"all":[496],"methods.":[498]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}