{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407783831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3540545","title":"Automated Co-Evolution of Metamodels and Code","display_name":"Automated Co-Evolution of Metamodels and Code","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407783831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3540545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3540545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3540545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04973171","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092105309","display_name":"Zohra Kaouter Kebaili","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zohra Kaouter Kebaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Universit&#x00E9; Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","CNRS, Univ. Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2073-6285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Universit&#x00E9; Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Univ. Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108144659","display_name":"Djamel Eddine Khelladi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Djamel Eddine Khelladi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Universit&#x00E9; Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","CNRS, Univ. Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-650X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Universit&#x00E9; Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Univ. Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003973216","display_name":"Mathieu Acher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1483-3858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28221208","display_name":"Institut National des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/04xaa4j22","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28221208"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathieu Acher","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, INSA Rennes, IUF, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","CNRS, INSA Rennes, IUF, IRISA, Inria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1483-3858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, INSA Rennes, IUF, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, INSA Rennes, IUF, IRISA, Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002785466","display_name":"Olivier Barais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4551-8562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Barais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","Univ. Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4551-8562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA, Rennes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Rennes 1, IRISA, INRIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4233,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89802828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"4","first_page":"1067","last_page":"1085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8069708347320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5120139718055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4871830344200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4727041721343994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8069708347320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5120139718055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4871830344200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4727041721343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3540545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3540545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04973171v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04973171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2025, 51 (4), pp.1067-1085. &#x27E8;10.1109/tse.2025.3540545&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04973171v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04973171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2025, 51 (4), pp.1067-1085. &#x27E8;10.1109/tse.2025.3540545&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74639613","https://openalex.org/W1483161216","https://openalex.org/W1542225267","https://openalex.org/W1589399509","https://openalex.org/W1592640009","https://openalex.org/W1598165075","https://openalex.org/W1919408037","https://openalex.org/W1931440072","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W2006775600","https://openalex.org/W2016915664","https://openalex.org/W2020914058","https://openalex.org/W2034920586","https://openalex.org/W2050344571","https://openalex.org/W2061467503","https://openalex.org/W2067245789","https://openalex.org/W2095628807","https://openalex.org/W2095741627","https://openalex.org/W2098913585","https://openalex.org/W2107344568","https://openalex.org/W2110617721","https://openalex.org/W2125152082","https://openalex.org/W2133363731","https://openalex.org/W2133437259","https://openalex.org/W2153323751","https://openalex.org/W2157748689","https://openalex.org/W2167736435","https://openalex.org/W2169123208","https://openalex.org/W2181002748","https://openalex.org/W2203711655","https://openalex.org/W2289531811","https://openalex.org/W2295840463","https://openalex.org/W2401819632","https://openalex.org/W2417062495","https://openalex.org/W2460236985","https://openalex.org/W2473695908","https://openalex.org/W2518794401","https://openalex.org/W2615311448","https://openalex.org/W2752923063","https://openalex.org/W2767368277","https://openalex.org/W2792651003","https://openalex.org/W2883917945","https://openalex.org/W2888138590","https://openalex.org/W2890508658","https://openalex.org/W2895270741","https://openalex.org/W2895777645","https://openalex.org/W2953499424","https://openalex.org/W2954401434","https://openalex.org/W2979412565","https://openalex.org/W2998011150","https://openalex.org/W3043201130","https://openalex.org/W3081422979","https://openalex.org/W3091216613","https://openalex.org/W3091719299","https://openalex.org/W3092295095","https://openalex.org/W3094814405","https://openalex.org/W3104012431","https://openalex.org/W3146412812","https://openalex.org/W3148779029","https://openalex.org/W3208407575","https://openalex.org/W3213962819","https://openalex.org/W4200047428","https://openalex.org/W4206625009","https://openalex.org/W4231010819","https://openalex.org/W4243227753","https://openalex.org/W4243740681","https://openalex.org/W4253238663","https://openalex.org/W4256028358","https://openalex.org/W4288614128","https://openalex.org/W4290975385","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4308202532","https://openalex.org/W4379620742","https://openalex.org/W4391558644","https://openalex.org/W4394745126","https://openalex.org/W4401526797","https://openalex.org/W4405200467","https://openalex.org/W6685526487","https://openalex.org/W6785146470","https://openalex.org/W6846006921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<bold":[0,65,94,146],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1,66,95,147],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>Context.</i>":[2],"</b>":[3,68,97,151],"In":[4],"Software":[5],"Engineering,":[6],"Model-Driven":[7],"Engineering":[8],"(MDE)":[9],"is":[10,76,86,335],"a":[11,17,23,26,33,70,80,101,265,275],"methodology":[12],"that":[13,174,236,273,287,298],"considers":[14],"Metamodels":[15],"as":[16,46],"cornerstone.":[18],"As":[19,79,317],"an":[20,193,283],"abstract":[21],"artifact,":[22],"metamodel":[24,71,137,182,303],"plays":[25],"significant":[27],"role":[28],"in":[29,37,251,282],"the":[30,51,73,82,109,112,122,131,135,140,215,218,237,246,256,260,268,293,300,312,329],"specification":[31],"of":[32,41,111,121,169,195,197,201,217,239,259,270,295,302,331],"software":[34],"language,":[35],"particularly,":[36],"generating":[38],"other":[39],"artifacts":[40],"lower":[42],"abstraction":[43,132],"level,":[44],"such":[45],"code.":[47],"Developers":[48],"then":[49],"enrich":[50],"generated":[52,74,227],"code":[53,75,85,105,124,141,280],"to":[54,90,129,143,181,206],"build":[55],"their":[56],"language":[57],"services":[58],"and":[59,63,88,139,149,163,187,199,210,220,231,242,320],"tooling,":[60],"e.g.,":[61],"editors,":[62],"checkers.":[64],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>Problem.</i>":[67],"When":[69],"evolves,":[72],"automatically":[77,176],"updated.":[78],"consequence,":[81],"developers\u2019":[83],"additional":[84,123],"impacted":[87],"needs":[89],"be":[91],"co-evolved":[92,177],"accordingly.":[93],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>Contribution.</i>":[96],"This":[98,126],"paper":[99],"proposes":[100],"new":[102],"fully":[103],"automatic":[104,289,339],"co-evolution":[106,219,261,290,315],"approach":[107,116,155,191,291,310],"with":[108,184,248,267,311,325,328,337],"evolution":[110,183],"Ecore":[113],"metamodel.":[114],"The":[115],"relies":[117],"on":[118,156,226],"pattern":[119],"matching":[120],"errors.":[125],"process":[127],"aims":[128],"analyze":[130],"gap":[133],"between":[134],"evolved":[136,167],"elements":[138],"errors":[142,179,281],"co-evolve":[144],"them.":[145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>Evaluation":[148],"Results.</i>":[150],"We":[152,234,285],"evaluated":[153],"our":[154,288,309,338],"nine":[157],"Eclipse":[158],"projects":[159],"from":[160,204],"OCL,":[161],"Modisco,":[162],"Papyrus":[164],"over":[165],"several":[166],"versions":[168],"three":[170],"metamodels.":[171],"Results":[172],"show":[173],"we":[175,224,263,306],"771":[178],"due":[180],"631":[185],"matched":[186],"applied":[188],"resolutions.":[189],"Our":[190],"reached":[192],"average":[194],"82%":[196],"precision":[198,209,319],"81%":[200],"recall,":[202],"varying":[203],"48%":[205],"100%":[207],"for":[208,278],"recall":[211,321],"respectively.":[212],"To":[213],"check":[214],"effect":[216],"its":[221],"behavioral":[222,257],"correctness,":[223],"rely":[225],"test":[228],"cases":[229],"before":[230],"after":[232],"co-evolution.":[233,340],"observed":[235],"percentage":[238],"passing,":[240],"failing,":[241],"erroneous":[243],"tests":[244],"remained":[245],"same":[247],"insignificant":[249],"variations":[250],"some":[252],"projects.":[253],"Thus,":[254],"suggesting":[255],"correctness":[258],"Moreover,":[262],"conducted":[264],"comparison":[266],"use":[269,294],"quick":[271,296],"fixes":[272,297],"represent":[274],"usual":[276],"tool":[277],"correcting":[279],"IDE.":[284],"found":[286],"outperforms":[292],"lacked":[299],"context":[301],"evolution.":[304],"Finally,":[305],"also":[307],"compared":[308],"state-of-the-art":[313],"semi-automatic":[314],"approach.":[316],"expected,":[318],"are":[322],"slightly":[323],"better":[324],"semi-automation,":[326],"but":[327],"burden":[330],"manual":[332],"intervention,":[333],"which":[334],"alleviated":[336]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}