{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404563770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2024.3503723","title":"Line-Level Defect Prediction by Capturing Code Contexts With Graph Convolutional Networks","display_name":"Line-Level Defect Prediction by Capturing Code Contexts With Graph Convolutional Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404563770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2024.3503723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2024.3503723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2024.3503723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shouyu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3931-9070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shouyu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018071549","display_name":"Shikai Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-6365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shikai Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423958","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1923-0669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenchen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2402-9726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153374732","display_name":"Liaoning Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04c3cgg32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenchen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418997","display_name":"Rong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-6398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328758","display_name":"Xiaochen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-1938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002119636","display_name":"He Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-4948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0536,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87520165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"1","first_page":"172","last_page":"191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11338","display_name":"Advancements in Photolithography Techniques","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8685463666915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5282163619995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.47264260053634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4169125556945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4155430793762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.0879456102848053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8685463666915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5282163619995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.47264260053634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4169125556945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4155430793762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0879456102848053}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2024.3503723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2024.3503723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4856448549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132024257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5057948433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6007899901","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202079","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655956671","https://openalex.org/W1771830246","https://openalex.org/W2015001165","https://openalex.org/W2046830558","https://openalex.org/W2051978688","https://openalex.org/W2067436653","https://openalex.org/W2086464170","https://openalex.org/W2090854192","https://openalex.org/W2100310618","https://openalex.org/W2111421634","https://openalex.org/W2111949697","https://openalex.org/W2114124859","https://openalex.org/W2125999269","https://openalex.org/W2147386665","https://openalex.org/W2149014999","https://openalex.org/W2163732854","https://openalex.org/W2276400542","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2367798545","https://openalex.org/W2374812233","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2548915941","https://openalex.org/W2740130862","https://openalex.org/W2743316948","https://openalex.org/W2781491433","https://openalex.org/W2795501259","https://openalex.org/W2898435572","https://openalex.org/W2901941771","https://openalex.org/W2945020349","https://openalex.org/W2954274464","https://openalex.org/W2955991060","https://openalex.org/W2962946486","https://openalex.org/W2963520355","https://openalex.org/W2976184969","https://openalex.org/W2979566992","https://openalex.org/W3083954092","https://openalex.org/W3135043447","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W3149100806","https://openalex.org/W3175995826","https://openalex.org/W4207068100","https://openalex.org/W4289236186","https://openalex.org/W4312969325","https://openalex.org/W4318776432","https://openalex.org/W4376606901","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4400680834","https://openalex.org/W6726213758","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6760001035","https://openalex.org/W6789174757","https://openalex.org/W6910696474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0,23],"defect":[1,24,44,68,80,107,159,181,210,227,246],"prediction":[2,25,45,81,108,160,171,211,228],"refers":[3],"to":[4,17,72,117,120,139,169,204,207,221,224],"the":[5,61,96,100,105,128,131,146,154,157],"systematic":[6],"analysis":[7],"and":[8,15,32,41,58,104,142,166,173,179,213],"review":[9],"of":[10,54,67,127,148,243],"software":[11,39,191],"using":[12],"various":[13],"approaches":[14,46],"tools":[16],"identify":[18],"potential":[19],"defects":[20,31],"or":[21],"errors.":[22],"aids":[26],"developers":[27],"in":[28,153],"swiftly":[29],"identifying":[30],"optimizing":[33],"development":[34],"resource":[35],"allocation,":[36],"thus":[37],"enhancing":[38],"quality":[40],"reliability.":[42],"Previous":[43],"still":[47],"face":[48],"two":[49],"main":[50],"limitations:":[51],"1)":[52],"lacking":[53],"contextual":[55,150],"semantic":[56,124,151],"information":[57,240],"2)":[59],"Ignoring":[60],"joint":[62],"reasoning":[63],"between":[64],"different":[65,190],"granularities":[66],"predictions.":[69],"In":[70],"response":[71],"these":[73],"challenges,":[74],"we":[75],"propose":[76],"LineDef,":[77],"a":[78,118,122,136,214],"line-level":[79,141,180,226],"approach":[82,235],"by":[83],"capturing":[84,149],"code":[85,244],"contexts":[86],"with":[87],"graph":[88,101,132,163],"convolutional":[89,164],"networks.":[90],"Specifically,":[91],"LineDef":[92,195,234],"comprises":[93],"three":[94],"components:":[95],"token":[97,111,116],"embedding":[98,112],"component,":[99,103],"extraction":[102,133],"multi-granularity":[106,158],"component.":[109],"The":[110],"component":[113,134,161],"maps":[114],"each":[115],"vector":[119],"obtain":[121],"high-dimensional":[123],"feature":[125],"representation":[126],"token.":[129],"Subsequently,":[130],"utilizes":[135],"sliding":[137],"window":[138],"extract":[140,237],"token-level":[143],"graphs,":[144],"addressing":[145],"challenge":[147],"relationships":[152],"code.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"leverages":[162],"layers":[165],"attention":[167],"mechanisms":[168],"acquire":[170],"labels":[172],"risk":[174],"scores,":[175],"thereby":[176],"achieving":[177],"file-level":[178,209],"prediction.":[182,247],"Experimental":[183],"studies":[184],"on":[185],"32":[186],"datasets":[187],"across":[188],"9":[189],"projects":[192],"show":[193],"that":[194,233],"exhibits":[196],"significantly":[197],"enhanced":[198],"balanced":[199],"accuracy,":[200],"ranging":[201,218],"from":[202,219,241],"15.61%":[203],"45.20%,":[205],"compared":[206,223],"state-of-the-art":[208,225],"approaches,":[212],"remarkable":[215],"cost-effectiveness":[216],"improvement":[217],"15.32%":[220],"278%,":[222],"approaches.":[229],"These":[230],"results":[231],"demonstrate":[232],"can":[236],"more":[238],"comprehensive":[239],"lines":[242],"for":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}