{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386472818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3311796","title":"Improving Cross-Language Code Clone Detection via Code Representation Learning and Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Improving Cross-Language Code Clone Detection via Code Representation Learning and Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386472818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3311796"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3311796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3311796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014813922","display_name":"Nikita Mehrotra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-4798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikita Mehrotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, IIIT Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-4798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, IIIT Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252","https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072648741","display_name":"Akash Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7156-4231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akash Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, IIIT Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, IIIT Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252","https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104238235","display_name":"Anmol Jindal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anmol Jindal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, IIIT Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, IIIT Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252","https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039037722","display_name":"Rahul Purandare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8677-0601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Purandare","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nebraska&#x2013;Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8677-0601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nebraska&#x2013;Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014813922"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252","https://openalex.org/I68891433"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0715,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97500802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"11","first_page":"4846","last_page":"4868"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8136038780212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.641473650932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5896591544151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5895536541938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5890117287635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.48908740282058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.4588850140571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4551217555999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.44242948293685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43033039569854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.35721272230148315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8136038780212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.641473650932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5896591544151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5895536541938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5890117287635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.48908740282058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.4588850140571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4551217555999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.44242948293685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43033039569854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.35721272230148315}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3311796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3311796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95226708","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1978813754","https://openalex.org/W2013638584","https://openalex.org/W2065053490","https://openalex.org/W2094622286","https://openalex.org/W2096491586","https://openalex.org/W2100060170","https://openalex.org/W2128782367","https://openalex.org/W2136279823","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2153185479","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2157532207","https://openalex.org/W2162436321","https://openalex.org/W2164030845","https://openalex.org/W2171590421","https://openalex.org/W2296036069","https://openalex.org/W2298313545","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2585680471","https://openalex.org/W2598761292","https://openalex.org/W2606310092","https://openalex.org/W2736762043","https://openalex.org/W2741705590","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2796335629","https://openalex.org/W2807866521","https://openalex.org/W2808509424","https://openalex.org/W2884327322","https://openalex.org/W2888945069","https://openalex.org/W2899171197","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2907705732","https://openalex.org/W2954122741","https://openalex.org/W2954552517","https://openalex.org/W2955127311","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2962685937","https://openalex.org/W2963499994","https://openalex.org/W2963716836","https://openalex.org/W2979566992","https://openalex.org/W2985331920","https://openalex.org/W2994865335","https://openalex.org/W3000135256","https://openalex.org/W3004417996","https://openalex.org/W3014339000","https://openalex.org/W3086449553","https://openalex.org/W3103170042","https://openalex.org/W3105535951","https://openalex.org/W3105540914","https://openalex.org/W3167900421","https://openalex.org/W3196001856","https://openalex.org/W3210866271","https://openalex.org/W4226463316","https://openalex.org/W4301168982","https://openalex.org/W4312465319","https://openalex.org/W4312691425","https://openalex.org/W6606612362","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6633995546","https://openalex.org/W6685265622","https://openalex.org/W6692071231","https://openalex.org/W6697462184","https://openalex.org/W6720006811","https://openalex.org/W6724794032","https://openalex.org/W6725533135","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6745034332","https://openalex.org/W6750739041","https://openalex.org/W6753953029","https://openalex.org/W6760045743","https://openalex.org/W6766086535","https://openalex.org/W6766156693","https://openalex.org/W6771646952","https://openalex.org/W6783227185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077104824","https://openalex.org/W2536864162","https://openalex.org/W2390421503","https://openalex.org/W2789551765","https://openalex.org/W2364428493","https://openalex.org/W4310447811","https://openalex.org/W44541701","https://openalex.org/W4389751695","https://openalex.org/W2387926336","https://openalex.org/W2385522099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"clone":[1,40,83,153,198],"detection":[2,33,41,84,199],"is":[3,43,61],"an":[4],"important":[5],"aspect":[6],"of":[7,27,38,53,107,128,152,159,169,181],"software":[8],"development":[9],"and":[10,23,120,135,138,172,175,184],"maintenance.":[11],"The":[12],"extensive":[13],"research":[14],"in":[15,64,89,179],"this":[16,93,147],"domain":[17],"has":[18],"helped":[19],"reduce":[20],"the":[21,25,36,39,50,118,150,157,195],"complexity":[22],"increase":[24],"robustness":[26],"source":[28],"code,":[29],"thereby":[30],"assisting":[31],"bug":[32],"tools.":[34,200],"However,":[35],"majority":[37],"literature":[42],"confined":[44],"to":[45,72,131,145],"a":[46,97],"single":[47,81],"language.":[48],"With":[49],"increasing":[51],"prevalence":[52],"cross-platform":[54],"applications,":[55],"functionality":[56,69],"replication":[57],"across":[58,110],"multiple":[59],"languages":[60],"common,":[62],"resulting":[63],"code":[65,129],"fragments":[66,130],"having":[67],"similar":[68],"but":[70],"belonging":[71],"different":[73,111],"languages.":[74,113],"Since":[75],"such":[76],"clones":[77,109],"are":[78,86],"syntactically":[79],"unrelated,":[80],"language":[82],"tools":[85],"not":[87],"applicable":[88],"their":[90,133],"case.":[91],"In":[92],"article,":[94],"we":[95],"propose":[96],"semi-supervised":[98],"deep":[99],"learning-based":[100],"tool":[101],"<sc":[102,114,191],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[103,115,192],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Rubhus</small>":[104,116,193],",":[105],"capable":[106],"detecting":[108],"programming":[112],"uses":[117],"control":[119],"data":[121],"flow":[122],"enriched":[123],"abstract":[124],"syntax":[125],"trees":[126],"(ASTs)":[127],"leverage":[132],"syntactic":[134],"structural":[136],"information":[137,148],"then":[139],"applies":[140],"graph":[141],"neural":[142],"networks":[143],"(GNNs)":[144],"extract":[146],"for":[149],"task":[151],"detection.":[154],"We":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"effectiveness":[158],"our":[160],"proposed":[161],"system":[162],"through":[163],"experiments":[164],"conducted":[165],"over":[166],"datasets":[167],"consisting":[168],"Java,":[170],"C,":[171],"Python":[173],"programs":[174],"evaluate":[176],"its":[177],"performance":[178],"terms":[180],"precision,":[182],"recall,":[183],"F1":[185],"score.":[186],"Our":[187],"results":[188],"indicate":[189],"that":[190],"outperforms":[194],"state-of-the-art":[196],"cross-language":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}