{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382318094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3288901","title":"NLP-Based Automated Compliance Checking of Data Processing Agreements Against GDPR","display_name":"NLP-Based Automated Compliance Checking of Data Processing Agreements Against GDPR","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382318094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3288901"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3288901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3288901","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10167495.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10167495.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027277486","display_name":"Orlando Amaral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-6439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orlando Amaral Cejas","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-6439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082082298","display_name":"Muhammad Ilyas Azeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0639-0359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ilyas Azeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0639-0359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063256854","display_name":"Sallam Abualhaija","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-447X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sallam Abualhaija","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-447X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078533117","display_name":"Lionel Briand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["CA","LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel C. Briand","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","school of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"school of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":40.5201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99848644,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"9","first_page":"4282","last_page":"4303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8245722055435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.6124769449234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.6060629487037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5174670815467834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4596090316772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glossary","display_name":"Glossary","score":0.44815313816070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.41839149594306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.34312137961387634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3394821882247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3149294853210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.30985844135284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2807696759700775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24940261244773865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8245722055435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.6124769449234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.6060629487037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5174670815467834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4596090316772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780031656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859161","display_name":"Glossary","level":2,"score":0.44815313816070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41839149594306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34312137961387634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3394821882247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3149294853210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.30985844135284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2807696759700775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24940261244773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3288901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3288901","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10167495.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/55409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/55409","pdf_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/55409/1/NLP-based%20Automated%20Compliance%20Checking%20of%20Data%20Processing%20Agreements%20against%20GDPR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (2023-06-27)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3288901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3288901","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10167495.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5866439725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRIDGES/19/IS/13759068/ARTAGO","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","funder_display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382318094.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382318094.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11155487","https://openalex.org/W132194950","https://openalex.org/W337784159","https://openalex.org/W605474867","https://openalex.org/W1444168786","https://openalex.org/W1555354714","https://openalex.org/W1568589650","https://openalex.org/W1579035156","https://openalex.org/W1579838312","https://openalex.org/W1971220772","https://openalex.org/W1978620866","https://openalex.org/W1988325893","https://openalex.org/W1990524510","https://openalex.org/W1991203627","https://openalex.org/W2015948069","https://openalex.org/W2018357323","https://openalex.org/W2021064897","https://openalex.org/W2030573703","https://openalex.org/W2034190452","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2081396812","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2090189788","https://openalex.org/W2106560733","https://openalex.org/W2114305512","https://openalex.org/W2115792525","https://openalex.org/W2125596064","https://openalex.org/W2129011764","https://openalex.org/W2134271348","https://openalex.org/W2136480620","https://openalex.org/W2139735278","https://openalex.org/W2142120379","https://openalex.org/W2146077699","https://openalex.org/W2147946282","https://openalex.org/W2151170651","https://openalex.org/W2152506470","https://openalex.org/W2171526525","https://openalex.org/W2189472871","https://openalex.org/W2251991755","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W2290316532","https://openalex.org/W2339322788","https://openalex.org/W2394985082","https://openalex.org/W2514445058","https://openalex.org/W2529770516","https://openalex.org/W2732750509","https://openalex.org/W2739722817","https://openalex.org/W2756927599","https://openalex.org/W2784121710","https://openalex.org/W2791737564","https://openalex.org/W2795807997","https://openalex.org/W2798838283","https://openalex.org/W2883836732","https://openalex.org/W2895782836","https://openalex.org/W2895957221","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2897549266","https://openalex.org/W2905016027","https://openalex.org/W2907656035","https://openalex.org/W2911528261","https://openalex.org/W2911842117","https://openalex.org/W2952097512","https://openalex.org/W2965463717","https://openalex.org/W2966176804","https://openalex.org/W2968495477","https://openalex.org/W2970438301","https://openalex.org/W2970895914","https://openalex.org/W2990342840","https://openalex.org/W2999830435","https://openalex.org/W3005780992","https://openalex.org/W3011312743","https://openalex.org/W3041951575","https://openalex.org/W3046883862","https://openalex.org/W3085592908","https://openalex.org/W3090522550","https://openalex.org/W3092066298","https://openalex.org/W3097934831","https://openalex.org/W3103764297","https://openalex.org/W3122731183","https://openalex.org/W3124277618","https://openalex.org/W3132536667","https://openalex.org/W3134665270","https://openalex.org/W3149443267","https://openalex.org/W3157515024","https://openalex.org/W3157871454","https://openalex.org/W3163812145","https://openalex.org/W3165448298","https://openalex.org/W3169555052","https://openalex.org/W3175666528","https://openalex.org/W3183843234","https://openalex.org/W3194530114","https://openalex.org/W3207630504","https://openalex.org/W3208601859","https://openalex.org/W3211102095","https://openalex.org/W3211709080","https://openalex.org/W3215539069","https://openalex.org/W4200483225","https://openalex.org/W4283645980","https://openalex.org/W4288058250","https://openalex.org/W4288373939","https://openalex.org/W4292387188","https://openalex.org/W4312443713","https://openalex.org/W4312920477","https://openalex.org/W4319451739","https://openalex.org/W4327500523","https://openalex.org/W6600437753","https://openalex.org/W6600547426","https://openalex.org/W6618749161","https://openalex.org/W6628505203","https://openalex.org/W6677337689","https://openalex.org/W6682044806","https://openalex.org/W6685015088","https://openalex.org/W6691476020","https://openalex.org/W6745000744","https://openalex.org/W6747727460","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6757108965","https://openalex.org/W6757724704","https://openalex.org/W6760837195","https://openalex.org/W6773839857","https://openalex.org/W6781574478","https://openalex.org/W6783203930","https://openalex.org/W6788373813","https://openalex.org/W6796005095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2917102635","https://openalex.org/W3023256691","https://openalex.org/W2603253017","https://openalex.org/W2883729192","https://openalex.org/W2901967497","https://openalex.org/W2910484607","https://openalex.org/W2789497412","https://openalex.org/W2794700933","https://openalex.org/W3171079982","https://openalex.org/W3048759155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"the":[1,10,25,40,46,64,103,131,151,156,169,173,190,208,212,221,229,235,249,258],"entity":[2],"processing":[3,17,35,65,185],"personal":[4,13,18,67],"data":[5,14,19],"(the":[6,15],"processor)":[7],"differs":[8],"from":[9,155],"one":[11],"collecting":[12],"controller),":[16],"is":[20,79,237],"regulated":[21],"in":[22,95,102,172,248],"Europe":[23],"by":[24],"General":[26],"Data":[27],"Protection":[28],"Regulation":[29],"(GDPR)":[30],"through":[31],"<italic":[32],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[33,317,333],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">data":[34],"agreements":[36],"(DPAs)</i>":[37],".":[38],"Checking":[39],"compliance":[41,47,93,132,162,191],"of":[42,49,58,66,133,192,211,220,254,264,287,291,296,315,325],"DPAs":[43,53],"contributes":[44],"to":[45,111,118,129,160,188,299,331],"verification":[48,340],"software":[50,61],"systems":[51],"as":[52,81],"are":[54],"an":[55,126,178,284,294,311],"important":[56],"source":[57],"requirements":[59,94,101,153],"for":[60,88,207],"development":[62],"involving":[63],"data.":[68],"However,":[69],"manually":[70],"checking":[71],"whether":[72,234],"a":[73,134,165,193,252,289,300],"given":[74,135,194],"DPA":[75,136,161,195,213,236],"complies":[76],"with":[77,142,337],"GDPR":[78,96,157,238],"challenging":[80],"it":[82,241],"requires":[83],"significant":[84],"time":[85],"and":[86,90,97,114,163,214,273,293],"effort":[87],"understanding":[89],"identifying":[91],"DPA-relevant":[92],"then":[98],"verifying":[99],"these":[100,197,226],"DPA.":[104,250],"Legal":[105],"texts":[106],"introduce":[107],"additional":[108],"complexity":[109],"due":[110],"convoluted":[112],"language":[113,184],"inherent":[115],"ambiguity":[116],"leading":[117],"potential":[119],"misunderstandings.":[120],"In":[121,139],"this":[122],"paper,":[123],"we":[124,145,176],"propose":[125],"automated":[127,179],"solution":[128,180],"check":[130,189],"against":[137,196,217],"GDPR.":[138],"close":[140],"interaction":[141],"legal":[143,170],"experts,":[144],"first":[146],"built":[147],"two":[148,227],"artifacts:":[149],"(i)":[150],"\u201cshall\u201d":[152,198,222],"extracted":[154],"provisions":[158],"relevant":[159],"(ii)":[164],"glossary":[166],"table":[167],"defining":[168],"concepts":[171],"requirements.":[174,199,223,279],"Then,":[175],"developed":[177],"that":[181,302],"leverages":[182],"natural":[183],"(NLP)":[186],"technologies":[187],"Specifically,":[200],"our":[201,308,326],"approach":[202,230,259,281,309,327],"automatically":[203],"generates":[204],"phrasal-level":[205],"representations":[206,219],"textual":[209],"content":[210],"compares":[215],"them":[216],"predefined":[218],"By":[224],"comparing":[225],"representations,":[228],"not":[231],"only":[232],"assesses":[233],"compliant":[239],"but":[240],"further":[242,274],"provides":[243,310],"recommendations":[244],"about":[245],"missing":[246],"information":[247],"Over":[251],"dataset":[253],"30":[255],"actual":[256],"DPAs,":[257],"correctly":[260,275],"finds":[261],"618":[262],"out":[263],"750":[265],"genuine":[266],"violations":[267],"while":[268],"raising":[269],"76":[270],"false":[271],"violations,":[272],"identifies":[276],"524":[277],"satisfied":[278],"The":[280,323],"has":[282],"thus":[283],"average":[285,312],"precision":[286],"89.1%,":[288],"recall":[290],"82.4%,":[292],"accuracy":[295,313,324],"84.6%.":[297],"Compared":[298],"baseline":[301],"relies":[303],"on":[304],"off-the-shelf":[305],"NLP":[306],"tools,":[307],"gain":[314],"<inline-formula":[316,332],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[318,334],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\approx$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[319,335],"20":[320],"percentage":[321],"points.":[322],"can":[328],"be":[329],"improved":[330],"94%":[336],"limited":[338],"manual":[339],"effort.":[341]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2023-06-28T00:00:00"}
