{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379409284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3282981","title":": A Semantics-Guided Safety Enhancement Framework for AI-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems","display_name":": A Semantics-Guided Safety Enhancement Framework for AI-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379409284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3282981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3282981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3282981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104291087","display_name":"Jiayang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7093-9781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiayang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7093-9781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034067129","display_name":"Xuan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3981-8515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3981-8515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468661","display_name":"Lei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","Kyushu University, Japan","Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Amii), Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-2420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Amii), Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104291087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80782361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"8","first_page":"4058","last_page":"4080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7218259572982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5804630517959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5741531848907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5513373613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5066209435462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5049379467964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.45593753457069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45430123805999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.14846494793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13981541991233826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7218259572982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5804630517959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5741531848907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5513373613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5066209435462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5049379467964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45593753457069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45430123805999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.14846494793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13981541991233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3282981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3282981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1716091338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJMI20B8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","funder_display_name":"JST-Mirai Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3321578376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPAS-2021-00034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4398550076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGECR-2021-00019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6681470965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2021-02549","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326644","display_name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","display_name":"JST-Mirai Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":110,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W79276452","https://openalex.org/W166862392","https://openalex.org/W618136976","https://openalex.org/W828139470","https://openalex.org/W1533557569","https://openalex.org/W1680622244","https://openalex.org/W1968969471","https://openalex.org/W1996149236","https://openalex.org/W2022649085","https://openalex.org/W2042559971","https://openalex.org/W2068619069","https://openalex.org/W2076337359","https://openalex.org/W2084296075","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2120185818","https://openalex.org/W2139160917","https://openalex.org/W2149713648","https://openalex.org/W2395055135","https://openalex.org/W2485119454","https://openalex.org/W2498672755","https://openalex.org/W2582180708","https://openalex.org/W2602516395","https://openalex.org/W2626275188","https://openalex.org/W2730159165","https://openalex.org/W2734677971","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2781919638","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2795729123","https://openalex.org/W2797678940","https://openalex.org/W2799151646","https://openalex.org/W2803178532","https://openalex.org/W2804692431","https://openalex.org/W2897661175","https://openalex.org/W2899770378","https://openalex.org/W2900362095","https://openalex.org/W2902757548","https://openalex.org/W2907804426","https://openalex.org/W2920933065","https://openalex.org/W2926786214","https://openalex.org/W2939413027","https://openalex.org/W2945442007","https://openalex.org/W2957185354","https://openalex.org/W2962010900","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2966492573","https://openalex.org/W2968940383","https://openalex.org/W2970602317","https://openalex.org/W2990081314","https://openalex.org/W2991274265","https://openalex.org/W2992625249","https://openalex.org/W2994209110","https://openalex.org/W3014143627","https://openalex.org/W3014949752","https://openalex.org/W3022339309","https://openalex.org/W3023213286","https://openalex.org/W3030187663","https://openalex.org/W3038992721","https://openalex.org/W3044742337","https://openalex.org/W3045801920","https://openalex.org/W3081880709","https://openalex.org/W3087798270","https://openalex.org/W3088612615","https://openalex.org/W3100366369","https://openalex.org/W3103852474","https://openalex.org/W3117619538","https://openalex.org/W3120924814","https://openalex.org/W3123477784","https://openalex.org/W3127561923","https://openalex.org/W3134205784","https://openalex.org/W3135103269","https://openalex.org/W3149839747","https://openalex.org/W3156856498","https://openalex.org/W3168892396","https://openalex.org/W3172115140","https://openalex.org/W3184919107","https://openalex.org/W3195968524","https://openalex.org/W3196878379","https://openalex.org/W3199797768","https://openalex.org/W3204343880","https://openalex.org/W3212210003","https://openalex.org/W4200164757","https://openalex.org/W4230428500","https://openalex.org/W4251708881","https://openalex.org/W4285606041","https://openalex.org/W4287750003","https://openalex.org/W4288391571","https://openalex.org/W4289236638","https://openalex.org/W4293243668","https://openalex.org/W6603243439","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6704139216","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6748839928","https://openalex.org/W6750186571","https://openalex.org/W6752255449","https://openalex.org/W6756153843","https://openalex.org/W6761412291","https://openalex.org/W6770539697","https://openalex.org/W6775618286","https://openalex.org/W6780571964","https://openalex.org/W6780856455","https://openalex.org/W6788504602","https://openalex.org/W6791088473","https://openalex.org/W6793364036","https://openalex.org/W6809854898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W2546638913","https://openalex.org/W2209816623","https://openalex.org/W2968885840","https://openalex.org/W2378076731","https://openalex.org/W1508899372","https://openalex.org/W3017360834","https://openalex.org/W4286888643","https://openalex.org/W2008822734","https://openalex.org/W3135700974"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-Physical":[0],"Systems":[1],"(CPSs)":[2],"have":[3,70],"been":[4],"widely":[5,111],"adopted":[6,112],"in":[7,39,55,96,114,182,265],"various":[8],"industry":[9],"domains":[10],"to":[11,58,71,82,98,121,219,232,250,291,351,368],"support":[12],"many":[13],"important":[14],"tasks":[15,41],"that":[16,75,310],"impact":[17],"our":[18,330],"daily":[19],"lives,":[20],"such":[21,142,163],"as":[22],"automotive":[23],"vehicles,":[24],"robotics":[25],"manufacturing,":[26],"and":[27,45,63,92,102,106,118,125,167,184,230,237,261,281,295,322,337,341,357,379],"energy":[28],"systems.":[29,300],"As":[30],"Artificial":[31],"Intelligence":[32],"(AI)":[33],"has":[34],"demonstrated":[35],"its":[36],"promising":[37,349],"abilities":[38],"diverse":[40,148],"like":[42],"decision-making,":[43],"prediction,":[44],"optimization,":[46],"a":[47,128,133,191,214,247,274,353],"growing":[48],"number":[49],"of":[50,127,135,138,141,154,161,198,225,267,270,276,297,326,376],"CPSs":[51,69,117,308],"adopt":[52],"AI":[53,119],"components":[54],"the":[56,76,84,115,123,139,152,178,252,257,268,293,298,312,318,324,343,377],"loop":[57],"further":[59,363],"extend":[60],"their":[61],"efficiency":[62],"performance.":[64],"However,":[65],"these":[66],"modern":[67],"AI-enabled":[68,77,371],"tackle":[72],"pivotal":[73],"problems":[74],"control":[78,174,195,217,239,299,359],"systems":[79],"might":[80],"need":[81,200],"compensate":[83],"balance":[85],"across":[86,147],"<italic":[87],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[88,209,387],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">multiple":[89],"operation":[90],"requirements</i>":[91],"avoid":[93,185],"possible":[94],"defections":[95],"advance":[97],"safeguard":[99],"human":[100],"lives":[101],"properties.":[103],"Modular":[104],"redundancy":[105],"ensemble":[107,143,157,194,216,226,279,289,339,346],"method":[108,290],"are":[109],"two":[110],"solutions":[113],"traditional":[116,338],"communities":[120],"enhance":[122],"functionality":[124],"flexibility":[126,294],"system.":[129,360],"Nevertheless,":[130],"there":[131],"is":[132,197],"lack":[134],"deep":[136],"understanding":[137],"effectiveness":[140],"design":[144],"on":[145,228],"AI-CPSs":[146,229],"industrial":[149],"applications.":[150],"Considering":[151],"complexity":[153],"AI-CPSs,":[155],"existing":[156],"methods":[158,227,332],"fall":[159],"short":[160],"handling":[162],"huge":[164],"state":[165,254,320],"space":[166,321],"sophisticated":[168],"system":[169,180,196,259],"dynamics.":[170],"Furthermore,":[171],"an":[172,221,234,282],"ideal":[173],"solution":[175,240],"should":[176],"consider":[177],"multiple":[179],"specifications":[181],"real-time":[183],"erroneous":[186],"behaviors":[187],"beforehand.":[188],"Such":[189],"that,":[190],"new":[192,277],"specification-oriented":[193],"urgent":[199],"for":[201,241],"AI-CPSs.":[202,243],"In":[203],"this":[204,366],"paper,":[205],"we":[206,373],"propose":[207,273],"<inline-formula":[208],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[210],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathtt":[211],"{SIEGE}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[212],",":[213],"semantics-guided":[215,331],"framework":[218],"initiate":[220],"early":[222],"exploratory":[223],"study":[224],"aim":[231],"construct":[233],"efficient,":[235,356],"robust,":[236,355],"reliable":[238],"multi-tasks":[242],"We":[244,272],"first":[245],"utilize":[246],"semantic-based":[248],"abstraction":[249,314],"decompose":[251],"large":[253,319],"space,":[255],"capture":[256],"ongoing":[258],"status":[260],"predict":[262,323],"future":[263],"conditions":[264],"terms":[266],"satisfaction":[269],"specifications.":[271],"series":[275],"semantics-aware":[278],"strategies":[280],"end-to-end":[283],"Deep":[284],"Reinforcement":[285],"Learning":[286],"(DRL)":[287],"hierarchical":[288,345],"improve":[292],"reliability":[296],"Our":[301],"large-scale,":[302],"comprehensive":[303],"evaluations":[304],"over":[305],"five":[306],"subject":[307],"show":[309],"1)":[311],"semantics":[313,325],"can":[315],"efficiently":[316],"narrow":[317],"incoming":[327],"states,":[328],"2)":[329],"outperform":[333],"state-of-the-art":[334],"individual":[335],"controllers":[336],"methods,":[340],"3)":[342],"DRL":[344],"approach":[347],"shows":[348],"capabilities":[350],"deliver":[352],"more":[354],"safety-assured":[358],"To":[361],"enable":[362],"research":[364],"along":[365],"direction":[367],"build":[369],"better":[370],"CPS,":[372],"made":[374],"all":[375],"code":[378],"experimental":[380],"results":[381],"data":[382],"publicly":[383],"available":[384],"at":[385],"<uri":[386],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://sites.google.com/view/ai-cps-siege/home</uri>":[388],".":[389]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
