{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367359426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3271417","title":"Demystifying Random Number in Ethereum Smart Contract: Taxonomy, Vulnerability Identification, and Attack Detection","display_name":"Demystifying Random Number in Ethereum Smart Contract: Taxonomy, Vulnerability Identification, and Attack Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367359426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3271417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3271417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3271417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045238792","display_name":"Peng Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-5811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Artificial Intelligence by MOE and Zhejiang Provincial Government, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-5811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Artificial Intelligence by MOE and Zhejiang Provincial Government, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101917212","display_name":"Jianting He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5981-513X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianting He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5981-513X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053091022","display_name":"Lingling Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-8046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingling Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-8046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058809732","display_name":"Siwei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8751-014X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8751-014X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100615622","display_name":"Zhipeng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3852-1181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3852-1181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065178474","display_name":"Lei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-5283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-5283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088790914","display_name":"Yajin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7610-4736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yajin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7610-4736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101438463","display_name":"Qinming He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5147-7253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinming He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5147-7253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.7652,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98984259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"7","first_page":"3793","last_page":"3810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7678078413009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7383045554161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5172781944274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.46875739097595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10024592280387878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09481000900268555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7678078413009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7383045554161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5172781944274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46875739097595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10024592280387878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09481000900268555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3271417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3271417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2511910633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4154949110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20467","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2089745089","https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2769293050","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2798388185","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2885172320","https://openalex.org/W2888393465","https://openalex.org/W2888787871","https://openalex.org/W2898569715","https://openalex.org/W2955447707","https://openalex.org/W2969732734","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2976793204","https://openalex.org/W2985495886","https://openalex.org/W2987160260","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3005065812","https://openalex.org/W3011633627","https://openalex.org/W3015325345","https://openalex.org/W3019312521","https://openalex.org/W3025628692","https://openalex.org/W3035733952","https://openalex.org/W3041830268","https://openalex.org/W3042599897","https://openalex.org/W3083471387","https://openalex.org/W3091620507","https://openalex.org/W3098450669","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3115239015","https://openalex.org/W3134811658","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3154651159","https://openalex.org/W3156476623","https://openalex.org/W3162209499","https://openalex.org/W3182763642","https://openalex.org/W3187454871","https://openalex.org/W3209356054","https://openalex.org/W3214421193","https://openalex.org/W4205689130","https://openalex.org/W4225827138","https://openalex.org/W4226411519","https://openalex.org/W4285060547","https://openalex.org/W4312932025","https://openalex.org/W4316661173","https://openalex.org/W6753800069","https://openalex.org/W6777168319","https://openalex.org/W6777922962","https://openalex.org/W6781985859","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3034924094","https://openalex.org/W1488708774","https://openalex.org/W3094954546","https://openalex.org/W2981906196","https://openalex.org/W4391100477","https://openalex.org/W4327779705","https://openalex.org/W1513698804","https://openalex.org/W4310560702","https://openalex.org/W2029712093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2,35,170],"witnessed":[3],"explosive":[4],"growth":[5],"in":[6,38,88,219],"blockchain":[7],"smart":[8,12,39,90,192,202],"contract":[9,203,216],"applications.":[10],"As":[11],"contracts":[13,40,156,168,193],"become":[14,26],"increasingly":[15],"popular":[16,167],"and":[17,100,115,137,176,185,194,206,233],"carry":[18],"trillion":[19],"dollars":[20],"worth":[21],"of":[22,28,49,60,85,181,190],"digital":[23],"assets,":[24],"they":[25],"more":[27],"an":[29,57],"appealing":[30],"target":[31],"for":[32],"attackers,":[33],"who":[34],"exploited":[36],"vulnerabilities":[37,136],"to":[41,55,80,131,160,238],"cause":[42],"catastrophic":[43],"economic":[44],"losses.":[45],"Notwithstanding":[46],"a":[47,82,104,124,187],"proliferation":[48],"work":[50],"that":[51,126,157,169],"has":[52],"been":[53,171],"developed":[54],"detect":[56,138],"impressive":[58],"list":[59],"vulnerabilities,":[61,164,184],"the":[62,77,94,145],"bad":[63,112,134,162,182],"randomness":[64,135,163,183],"vulnerability":[65,204],"is":[66],"overlooked":[67],"by":[68,92],"many":[69],"existing":[70],"tools.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"article,":[74],"we":[75,122,148],"make":[76],"first":[78],"attempt":[79],"provide":[81],"systematic":[83],"analysis":[84,129],"random":[86,113],"numbers":[87,114],"Ethereum":[89],"contracts,":[91],"investigating":[93],"principles":[95],"behind":[96],"pseudo-random":[97],"number":[98],"generation":[99],"organizing":[101],"them":[102,117],"into":[103,118],"taxonomy.":[105],"We":[106,198],"also":[107],"lucubrate":[108],"various":[109],"attacks":[110],"against":[111],"group":[116],"four":[119],"categories.":[120],"Furthermore,":[121],"presentRNVulDet\u2013":[123],"tool":[125,208],"incorporates":[127],"taint":[128],"techniques":[130],"automatically":[132],"identify":[133],"corresponding":[139],"attack":[140,229],"transactions.":[141,197,230],"To":[142],"extensively":[143],"verify":[144],"effectiveness":[146],"ofRNVulDet,":[147],"construct":[149],"three":[150,200],"new":[151],"datasets:":[152],"i)":[153],"34":[154],"well-known":[155],"are":[158,177,235],"reported":[159],"possess":[161],"ii)":[165],"214":[166],"rigorously":[172],"audited":[173],"before":[174],"launch":[175],"regarded":[178],"as":[179],"free":[180],"iii)":[186],"dataset":[188],"consisting":[189],"47,668":[191],"49,951":[195],"suspicious":[196],"compareRNVulDetwith":[199],"state-of-the-art":[201],"detectors,":[205],"our":[207],"significantly":[209],"outperforms":[210],"them.":[211],"Meanwhile,RNVulDetspends":[212],"2.98":[213],"s":[214],"per":[215],"on":[217],"average,":[218],"most":[220],"cases":[221],"orders-of-magnitude":[222],"faster":[223],"than":[224],"other":[225],"tools.RNVulDetsuccessfully":[226],"reveals":[227],"44,264":[228],"Our":[231],"implementation":[232],"datasets":[234],"released,":[236],"hoping":[237],"inspire":[239],"others.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}