{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366204357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3267446","title":"MultiPL-E: A Scalable and Polyglot Approach to Benchmarking Neural Code Generation","display_name":"MultiPL-E: A Scalable and Polyglot Approach to Benchmarking Neural Code Generation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366204357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3267446"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3267446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3267446","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10103177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10103177.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061118771","display_name":"Federico Cassano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-7454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federico Cassano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002038171","display_name":"John Gouwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Gouwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101711261","display_name":"Daniel Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-0844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52768194","display_name":"Hanover College","ror":"https://ror.org/00vc14296","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52768194"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanover High School, Hanover, NH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanover High School, Hanover, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52768194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027365771","display_name":"Sydney Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-699X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189731429","display_name":"Wellesley College","ror":"https://ror.org/01srpnj69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sydney Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085474894","display_name":"Luna Phipps-Costin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4398-6987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luna Phipps-Costin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021568199","display_name":"Donald Pinckney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8612-5178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald Pinckney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056054051","display_name":"Ming\u2010Ho Yee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-8481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Ho Yee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018675797","display_name":"Yangtian Zi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-3280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangtian Zi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075492610","display_name":"Carolyn Jane Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-4210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189731429","display_name":"Wellesley College","ror":"https://ror.org/01srpnj69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn Jane Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010858670","display_name":"Molly Q Feldman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-7720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70571728","display_name":"Oberlin College","ror":"https://ror.org/05ac26z88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70571728"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Molly Q Feldman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70571728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044042294","display_name":"Arjun Guha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-3271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjun Guha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075185353","display_name":"Michael Greenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-7670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Greenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034240415","display_name":"Abhinav Jangda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4849-6776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhinav Jangda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","Research in Software Engineering, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research in Software Engineering, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061118771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":40.7839,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99855989,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"7","first_page":"3675","last_page":"3691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8766096830368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.7208311557769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.7205971479415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5964664220809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.5221484303474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4731270670890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.42307808995246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35010844469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08027559518814087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8766096830368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.7208311557769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.7205971479415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5964664220809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.5221484303474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4731270670890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.42307808995246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35010844469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08027559518814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3267446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3267446","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10103177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3267446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3267446","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/4359463/10103177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3733821212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2052696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366204357.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366204357.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W2094878426","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2751448157","https://openalex.org/W2890431379","https://openalex.org/W2899384793","https://openalex.org/W2962936887","https://openalex.org/W3089307846","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3100869085","https://openalex.org/W3105247453","https://openalex.org/W3118781290","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W4206647573","https://openalex.org/W4224308101","https://openalex.org/W4226279206","https://openalex.org/W4229675450","https://openalex.org/W4281669078","https://openalex.org/W4281763794","https://openalex.org/W4284688961","https://openalex.org/W4285225959","https://openalex.org/W4286750487","https://openalex.org/W4287024925","https://openalex.org/W4287668913","https://openalex.org/W4289523162","https://openalex.org/W4311887664","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386576744","https://openalex.org/W6743367031","https://openalex.org/W6751842182","https://openalex.org/W6761551260","https://openalex.org/W6764109406","https://openalex.org/W6771605235","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6783958930","https://openalex.org/W6788175385","https://openalex.org/W6790588633","https://openalex.org/W6794686226","https://openalex.org/W6795855765","https://openalex.org/W6798182279","https://openalex.org/W6800166007","https://openalex.org/W6810081322","https://openalex.org/W6810259726","https://openalex.org/W6810681707","https://openalex.org/W6810874553","https://openalex.org/W6840793632","https://openalex.org/W6846020362","https://openalex.org/W6849324701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2341492732","https://openalex.org/W3187193180","https://openalex.org/W106542691","https://openalex.org/W4287027380","https://openalex.org/W1699080303","https://openalex.org/W4297799326","https://openalex.org/W3116064965","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W3193760048","https://openalex.org/W2517841089"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,11,14,182,185],"models":[2,20,58],"have":[3],"demonstrated":[4],"the":[5,81,109,136,179,191],"ability":[6],"to":[7,76,91,99,107,117,177,199,211],"generate":[8],"both":[9,204],"natural":[10],"and":[12,113,127,184,206,216],"programming":[13,27,62,102,125,170,201],"text.":[15],"Although":[16],"contemporary":[17],"code":[18,42,56,73,85,96,142,196],"generation":[19,43,57,74,86,97,143,197],"are":[21,30,35],"trained":[22],"on":[23,60,161,187],"corpora":[24],"with":[25],"several":[26,164],"languages,":[28],"they":[29],"tested":[31],"using":[32,89],"benchmarks":[33,44,75,98,198],"that":[34,120,153],"typically":[36],"monolingual.":[37],"The":[38,167],"most":[39],"widely":[40],"used":[41],"only":[45],"target":[46],"Python,":[47],"so":[48],"there":[49],"is":[50,203],"little":[51],"quantitative":[52],"evidence":[53],"of":[54,124,139,169,181,194],"how":[55],"perform":[59],"other":[61,165],"languages.":[63,78,103,166,217],"We":[64,79,104,151],"propose":[65],"MultiPL-E,":[66],"a":[67,122],"system":[68],"for":[69,163],"translating":[70],"unit":[71],"test-driven":[72],"new":[77,131,200,213],"create":[80],"first":[82],"massively":[83],"multilingual":[84],"benchmark":[87,111,115],"by":[88],"MultiPL-E":[90,106,174,192],"translate":[92],"two":[93],"popular":[94],"Python":[95,162],"18":[100,118],"additional":[101],"use":[105],"extend":[108],"HumanEval":[110],"[1]":[112],"MBPP":[114],"[2]":[116],"languages":[119,171,202],"encompass":[121],"range":[123,168],"paradigms":[126],"popularity.":[128],"Using":[129],"these":[130],"parallel":[132],"benchmarks,":[133,215],"we":[134],"evaluate":[135,212],"multi-language":[137],"performance":[138,160],"three":[140],"state-of-the-art":[141],"models:":[144],"Codex":[145,154],"[1],":[146],"CodeGen":[147],"[3]and":[148],"InCoder":[149],"[4].":[150],"find":[152],"matches":[155],"or":[156],"even":[157],"exceeds":[158],"its":[159],"represented":[172],"in":[173],"allow":[175],"us":[176],"explore":[178],"impact":[180],"frequency":[183],"features":[186],"model":[188],"performance.":[189],"Finally,":[190],"approach":[193],"compiling":[195],"scalable":[205],"extensible,":[207],"making":[208],"it":[209],"straightforward":[210],"models,":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-02-25T23:00:34.991745","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}