{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323338336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3252671","title":"LeakageVerif: Efficient and Scalable Formal Verification of Leakage in Symbolic Expressions","display_name":"LeakageVerif: Efficient and Scalable Formal Verification of Leakage in Symbolic Expressions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323338336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3252671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3252671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3252671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04192501v1/file/leakage_verif.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045016284","display_name":"Quentin Meunier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8848-8079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quentin L. Meunier","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Laboratoire d&#x0027;Informatique de Paris 6, LIP6, Sorbonne Universit&#x00E9;, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8848-8079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Laboratoire d&#x0027;Informatique de Paris 6, LIP6, Sorbonne Universit&#x00E9;, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024757686","display_name":"Etienne Pons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Etienne Pons","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Laboratoire d&#x0027;Informatique de Paris 6, LIP6, Sorbonne Universit&#x00E9;, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Laboratoire d&#x0027;Informatique de Paris 6, LIP6, Sorbonne Universit&#x00E9;, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034064440","display_name":"Karine Heydemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2092-924X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karine Heydemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Laboratoire d&#x0027;Informatique de Paris 6, LIP6, Sorbonne Universit&#x00E9;, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2092-924X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Laboratoire d&#x0027;Informatique de Paris 6, LIP6, Sorbonne Universit&#x00E9;, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1632,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51776562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"6","first_page":"3359","last_page":"3375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8423984050750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7866865396499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6298941969871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.5869534015655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.522232174873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5135848522186279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.47265923023223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.432504802942276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4126228392124176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.40415075421333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37436196208000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.22061321139335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11712661385536194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8423984050750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7866865396499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6298941969871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.5869534015655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.522232174873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5135848522186279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.47265923023223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.432504802942276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4126228392124176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40415075421333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37436196208000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.22061321139335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11712661385536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3252671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3252671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04192501v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04192501","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04192501v1/file/leakage_verif.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2023, 49 (6), pp.3359 - 3375. &#x27E8;10.1109/TSE.2023.3252671&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04192501v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04192501","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04192501v1/file/leakage_verif.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2023, 49 (6), pp.3359 - 3375. &#x27E8;10.1109/TSE.2023.3252671&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323338336.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323338336.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18814837","https://openalex.org/W72918221","https://openalex.org/W96383189","https://openalex.org/W587262091","https://openalex.org/W1425736675","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W1595155753","https://openalex.org/W1847989447","https://openalex.org/W1873852107","https://openalex.org/W2017609955","https://openalex.org/W2132250906","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2161740631","https://openalex.org/W2219812381","https://openalex.org/W2534456676","https://openalex.org/W2612018177","https://openalex.org/W2807705484","https://openalex.org/W2808504905","https://openalex.org/W2883707793","https://openalex.org/W2912873165","https://openalex.org/W2922102366","https://openalex.org/W2972962130","https://openalex.org/W2997262806","https://openalex.org/W3205026529","https://openalex.org/W4233081111","https://openalex.org/W4240560709","https://openalex.org/W4254235338","https://openalex.org/W6802609892","https://openalex.org/W6814846232","https://openalex.org/W6840458714"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2280422768","https://openalex.org/W3143197806","https://openalex.org/W4252555497","https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W3121175838","https://openalex.org/W3016293053","https://openalex.org/W2401723157","https://openalex.org/W4388857716","https://openalex.org/W4253723665"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Side-channel":[0],"attacks":[1,7,20],"are":[2],"a":[3,13,34,65,70,97,134,160],"powerful":[4],"class":[5],"of":[6,72,102,119,162,197],"targeting":[8],"cryptographic":[9],"devices.":[10],"Masking":[11],"is":[12,33,87],"popular":[14],"protection":[15],"technique":[16],"to":[17,45,96,154,187,220],"thwart":[18],"such":[19],"as":[21,133],"it":[22,132,170],"can":[23],"be":[24,218],"theoretically":[25],"proven":[26],"secure.":[27],"However,":[28],"correctly":[29],"implementing":[30],"masking":[31,189],"schemes":[32],"non-trivial":[35],"task":[36],"and":[37,81,90,100,106,122,137,144,166,175,204],"error-prone.":[38],"If":[39],"several":[40],"techniques":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"proposed":[44],"formally":[46,78],"verify":[47],"masked":[48,83,164],"implementations,":[49],"they":[50,216],"all":[51,116,180],"come":[52],"with":[53],"limitations":[54],"regarding":[55],"expressiveness,":[56],"scalability":[57,174],"or":[58],"accuracy.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,120],"work,":[62],"we":[63,167,192],"propose":[64],"symbolic":[66,142],"approach,":[67],"based":[68],"on":[69,159],"variant":[71],"the":[73,111,117,123,181,195,208,213,221],"classical":[74],"substitution":[75],"method,":[76],"for":[77,141,146,184,206,223],"verifying":[79],"arithmetic":[80],"boolean":[82],"programs.":[84],"This":[85],"approach":[86,121],"more":[88],"accurate":[89],"scalable":[91],"than":[92],"existing":[93,156],"approaches":[94],"thanks":[95],"careful":[98],"design":[99],"implementation":[101],"key":[103],"heuristics,":[104],"algorithms":[105],"data":[107],"structures":[108],"involved":[109],"in":[110,212],"verification":[112,210],"process.":[113],"We":[114,149],"present":[115],"details":[118],"open-source":[124],"tool":[125],"called":[126],"<monospace":[127,151,201],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[128,152,202],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">LeakageVerif</monospace>":[129,153],"which":[130,138],"implements":[131],"python":[135],"library,":[136],"offers":[139],"constructions":[140],"expressions":[143],"functions":[145],"their":[147],"verification.":[148],"compare":[150],"three":[155],"state-of-the-art":[157],"tools":[158],"set":[161,196],"46":[163,198],"programs,":[165],"show":[168],"that":[169,215],"has":[171],"very":[172],"good":[173],"accuracy":[176],"results":[177],"while":[178],"providing":[179],"necessary":[182],"constructs":[183],"describing":[185],"algorithmic":[186],"assembly":[188],"schemes.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"also":[193],"provide":[194],"benchmarks,":[199],"named":[200],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">MaskedVerifBenchs</monospace>":[203],"written":[205],"comparing":[207],"different":[209],"tools,":[211],"hope":[214],"will":[217],"useful":[219],"community":[222],"future":[224],"comparisons.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
