{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317795037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3237460","title":"Assessing TD Macro-Management: A Nested Modeling Statistical Approach","display_name":"Assessing TD Macro-Management: A Nested Modeling Statistical Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317795037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3237460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3237460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3237460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103061080","display_name":"Nikolaos Nikolaidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Nikolaidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081514756","display_name":"Nikolaos Mittas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183898223","display_name":"International Hellenic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00708jp83","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183898223"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Mittas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183898223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057023981","display_name":"Apostolos Ampatzoglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-7302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolos Ampatzoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-7302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036862767","display_name":"Elvira-Maria Arvanitou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2638-6410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elvira-Maria Arvanitou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005131176","display_name":"Alexander Chatzigeorgiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5381-8418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Chatzigeorgiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5381-8418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6993,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93562167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"4","first_page":"2996","last_page":"3007"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9430000185966492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7048696875572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.6311341524124146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.6087400913238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5313407182693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.508003294467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4821045696735382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3374474048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.30932682752609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25959312915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15444886684417725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7048696875572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.6311341524124146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.6087400913238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5313407182693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.508003294467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4821045696735382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3374474048614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.30932682752609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25959312915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15444886684417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2023.3237460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2023.3237460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","display_name":"European Social Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163074494","https://openalex.org/W279545772","https://openalex.org/W1490768654","https://openalex.org/W1826514372","https://openalex.org/W1987922655","https://openalex.org/W1993220166","https://openalex.org/W2006823415","https://openalex.org/W2012558290","https://openalex.org/W2028836139","https://openalex.org/W2080406045","https://openalex.org/W2089758871","https://openalex.org/W2091668716","https://openalex.org/W2139885493","https://openalex.org/W2162451880","https://openalex.org/W2367359560","https://openalex.org/W2494189957","https://openalex.org/W2739113232","https://openalex.org/W2783564415","https://openalex.org/W2897277495","https://openalex.org/W2899407111","https://openalex.org/W2899412438","https://openalex.org/W2935912519","https://openalex.org/W2964303497","https://openalex.org/W2997546679","https://openalex.org/W3035017090","https://openalex.org/W3080861437","https://openalex.org/W3087684766","https://openalex.org/W3093687508","https://openalex.org/W3175963984","https://openalex.org/W3203351736","https://openalex.org/W3216067238","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4286331402","https://openalex.org/W4292053663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313549863","https://openalex.org/W2395465245","https://openalex.org/W2072205733","https://openalex.org/W2101762871","https://openalex.org/W3176957927","https://openalex.org/W4296534969","https://openalex.org/W4312761314","https://openalex.org/W3194667890","https://openalex.org/W4231266416","https://openalex.org/W3196695088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quality":[0],"improvement":[1],"can":[2,58,202,220,260],"be":[3,59,195,203],"performed":[4],"at":[5,12,17,33,37,78,102],"the:":[6],"(a)":[7],"micro-management":[8,184],"level:":[9,30],"interventions":[10,31],"applied":[11,32],"a":[13,18,25,34,42,47,109,192],"fine-grained":[14],"level":[15],"(e.g.,":[16,36,125,136],"class":[19,193],"or":[20,27,45,297],"method":[21],"level,":[22,39],"by":[23,40,90,206],"applying":[24],"refactoring);":[26],"(b)":[28],"macro-management":[29],"large-scale":[35],"project":[38,133,157],"using":[41],"new":[43],"framework":[44],"imposing":[46],"quality":[48,137,245],"gate).":[49],"By":[50,96],"considering":[51,97],"that":[52,98,160,183,259,284],"the":[53,62,80,103,105,115,118,131,147,164,180,189,200,213,234,263,281,290],"outcome":[54],"of":[55,64,82,117,166,179,191,215,236,265,274],"any":[56],"activity":[57],"characterized":[60],"as":[61,197,229],"product":[63],"<italic":[65,69,231,242,251],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[66,70,232,243,252],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">impact</i>":[67],"and":[68,127,249,255,295],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">scale</i>":[71],",":[72],"in":[73],"this":[74,143,279],"paper":[75],"we":[76,145,219],"aim":[77],"exploring":[79],"impact":[81],"Technical":[83],"Debt":[84],"(TD)":[85],"Macro-Management,":[86],"whose":[87],"scale":[88],"is":[89,280],"definition":[91],"larger":[92],"than":[93],"TD":[94,99,293],"Micro-Management.":[95],"artifacts":[100,120,268],"reside":[101],"micro-level,":[104],"problem":[106],"calls":[107],"for":[108],"nested":[110,217],"model":[111],"solution;":[112],"i.e.,":[113],"modeling":[114],"structure":[116],"problem:":[119],"have":[121],"some":[122,208,273],"inherent":[123],"characteristics":[124],"size":[126],"complexity),":[128],"but":[129,199],"obey":[130],"same":[132],"management":[134,158,226],"rules":[135],"gates,":[138],"CI/CD":[139],"features,":[140],"etc.).":[141],"In":[142],"paper,":[144],"use":[146],"Under-Bagging":[148],"based":[149],"Generalized":[150],"Linear":[151],"Mixed":[152],"Models":[153],"approach,":[154],"to":[155,194,269],"unveil":[156],"activities":[159],"are":[161,186,277],"associated":[162,187],"with":[163,188],"existence":[165],"HIGH_TD":[167],"artifacts,":[168],"through":[169],"an":[170],"empirical":[171,286],"study":[172,181],"on":[173,212,223,289],"100":[174],"open-source":[175],"projects.":[176],"The":[177],"results":[178,201],"confirm":[182],"parameters":[185],"probability":[190,264],"classified":[196],"HIGH_TD,":[198],"further":[204],"improved":[205],"controlling":[207],"project-level":[209],"parameters.":[210],"Based":[211],"findings":[214,276],"our":[216],"analysis,":[218],"advise":[221],"practitioners":[222],"macro-technical":[224],"debt":[225],"approaches":[227],"(such":[228],"\u201c":[230,241,250],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">control":[233],"number":[235],"commits":[237],"per":[238],"day</i>":[239],"\u201d,":[240,248],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">adopt":[244],"control":[246],"practices</i>":[247],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">separate":[253],"testing":[254],"development":[256],"teams</i>":[257],"\u201d)":[258],"significantly":[261],"reduce":[262],"all":[266],"software":[267],"concentrate":[270],"HIGH_TD.":[271],"Although":[272],"these":[275],"intuitive,":[278],"first":[282],"work":[283],"delivers":[285],"quantitative":[287],"evidence":[288],"relation":[291],"between":[292],"values":[294],"project-":[296],"process-level":[298],"metrics.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}