{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226290970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3168373","title":"Demystifying Performance Regressions in String Solvers","display_name":"Demystifying Performance Regressions in String Solvers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226290970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3168373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3168373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3168373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/7239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100446990","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-9152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-9152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421812","display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4562-8208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4562-8208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063706766","display_name":"Yun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-0118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-0118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658276","display_name":"Sen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-4100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-4100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451509","display_name":"Xiaohong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-6764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-6764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100446990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2099,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86932345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"3","first_page":"947","last_page":"961"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.7671028971672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7513437867164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.7017517685890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6676510572433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36055588722229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33928632736206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.28582531213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18296551704406738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7671028971672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7513437867164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.7017517685890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6676510572433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36055588722229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33928632736206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.28582531213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18296551704406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3168373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3168373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-8242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/7239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2022.3168373","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-8242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/7239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2022.3168373","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1781799347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T1-251RES1901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2796670552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Tier 3 MOET32020-0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2928400874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4032461741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Tier 1 21-SIS-SMU-033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4252711583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Tier 2 MOE2019-T2-1-040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5778545993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5814601733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2EP20120-0019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21507956","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1516061453","https://openalex.org/W1522741019","https://openalex.org/W1985896931","https://openalex.org/W2014515160","https://openalex.org/W2021213467","https://openalex.org/W2023887108","https://openalex.org/W2035015614","https://openalex.org/W2042033151","https://openalex.org/W2047694629","https://openalex.org/W2049451779","https://openalex.org/W2053873374","https://openalex.org/W2095606693","https://openalex.org/W2101786389","https://openalex.org/W2104420598","https://openalex.org/W2107092366","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2115380655","https://openalex.org/W2115787393","https://openalex.org/W2120158030","https://openalex.org/W2129761255","https://openalex.org/W2130427425","https://openalex.org/W2148329403","https://openalex.org/W2159614205","https://openalex.org/W2161253570","https://openalex.org/W2164622707","https://openalex.org/W2165834023","https://openalex.org/W2209913494","https://openalex.org/W2228968538","https://openalex.org/W2330747214","https://openalex.org/W2615067872","https://openalex.org/W2767683523","https://openalex.org/W2794497357","https://openalex.org/W2883887424","https://openalex.org/W2883903648","https://openalex.org/W2888632077","https://openalex.org/W2963723316","https://openalex.org/W3007460877","https://openalex.org/W3023191323","https://openalex.org/W3034071395","https://openalex.org/W3093870681","https://openalex.org/W3101119896","https://openalex.org/W3104402823","https://openalex.org/W3110425067","https://openalex.org/W3124251104","https://openalex.org/W3124323960","https://openalex.org/W3151686641","https://openalex.org/W3152103604","https://openalex.org/W3178565067","https://openalex.org/W3195449405","https://openalex.org/W3207843684","https://openalex.org/W3213434944","https://openalex.org/W4234850954","https://openalex.org/W4238462215","https://openalex.org/W4240592325","https://openalex.org/W4248101274","https://openalex.org/W6637688222","https://openalex.org/W6676077707","https://openalex.org/W6754250063","https://openalex.org/W6773679483","https://openalex.org/W6828535928","https://openalex.org/W7039847649"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W1875930651","https://openalex.org/W1604988569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,29,64,94,118,129,165,169,174,183,190,197,202,212,219,250],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"SMT":[5],"string":[6,34,49,73,97,138],"solvers":[7,50],"have":[8,246],"found":[9],"their":[10],"applications":[11],"in":[12,22,51,79,123,154,236],"an":[13],"increasing":[14],"number":[15],"of":[16,38,48,53,60,71,96,121,125,131,182,199,204,215],"domains,":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"program":[20],"analyses":[21],"mobile":[23],"and":[24,56,143,159,217,243],"Web":[25],"applications,":[26],"which":[27],"require":[28],"ability":[30],"to":[31,44,107,162,194],"reason":[32],"about":[33],"values.":[35],"A":[36],"series":[37],"research":[39],"has":[40,62],"been":[41,247],"carried":[42],"out":[43],"find":[45],"quality":[46],"issues":[47],"terms":[52,124],"its":[54],"correctness":[55],"performance.":[57],"Yet,":[58],"none":[59],"them":[61,245],"considered":[63],"performance":[65,86],"regressions":[66,87],"happening":[67],"across":[68],"multiple":[69],"versions":[70,176],"a":[72],"solver.":[74],"To":[75,99],"fill":[76],"this":[77,80,100],"gap,":[78],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,102,187,227],"focus":[83],"on":[84,135,173],"solver":[85],"(SPRs),":[88],"i.e.,":[89,140],"unintended":[90],"slowdowns":[91],"introduced":[92],"during":[93],"evolution":[95],"solvers.":[98],"end,":[101],"develop":[103],"<italic":[104,132,149,239],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[105,133,150,240],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">SPRFinder</i>":[106,134,151,241],"not":[108],"only":[109],"generate":[110],"test":[111,157,221],"cases":[112,158,222],"demonstrating":[113],"SPRs,":[114,200,216],"but":[115],"also":[116,160,188],"localize":[117],"probable":[119],"causes":[120,214],"them,":[122],"commits.":[126,167],"We":[127],"evaluated":[128],"effectiveness":[130],"three":[136],"state-of-the-art":[137],"solvers,":[139],"Z3Seq,":[141],"Z3Str3,":[142],"CVC4.":[144],"The":[145],"results":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"that":[148,181,229],"is":[152,177],"effective":[153],"generating":[155],"SPR-inducing":[156,232],"able":[161],"accurately":[163],"locate":[164],"responsible":[166],"Specifically,":[168],"average":[170],"running":[171],"time":[172],"target":[175],"13.2\u00d7":[178],"slower":[179],"than":[180],"reference":[184],"versions.":[185],"Besides,":[186],"conducted":[189],"first":[191],"empirical":[192],"study":[193],"peek":[195],"into":[196],"characteristics":[198],"including":[201],"impact":[203],"random":[205],"seed":[206],"configuration":[207],"for":[208],"SPR":[209],"detection,":[210],"understanding":[211],"root":[213],"characterizing":[218],"regression":[220],"through":[223],"case":[224],"studies.":[225],"Finally,":[226],"highlight":[228],"149":[230],"unique":[231],"commits":[233],"were":[234],"discovered":[235],"total":[237],"by":[238,249],",":[242],"27of":[244],"confirmed":[248],"corresponding":[251],"developers.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}