{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122715378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3163682","title":"Increasing the Confidence of Deep Neural Networks by Coverage Analysis","display_name":"Increasing the Confidence of Deep Neural Networks by Coverage Analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122715378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3163682","mag":"3122715378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3163682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3163682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.12100","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021748411","display_name":"Giulio Rossolini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Rossolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072482410","display_name":"Alessandro Biondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-9336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Biondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024920325","display_name":"Giorgio Buttazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-4017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Buttazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021748411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9176,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91812184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"802","last_page":"815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8617415428161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7982268333435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6450801491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6431782841682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6347456574440002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.602310836315155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.550478994846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5472979545593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5458772778511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5426130890846252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.47799745202064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.4389667510986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.334945410490036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8617415428161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7982268333435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6450801491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6431782841682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6347456574440002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.602310836315155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.550478994846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5472979545593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5458772778511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5426130890846252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.47799745202064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.4389667510986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.334945410490036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3163682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3163682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.12100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.12100","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.12100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/544951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/544951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.12100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.12100","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.12100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122715378.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122715378.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9657784","https://openalex.org/W1538643901","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2154897437","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2269778407","https://openalex.org/W2516574342","https://openalex.org/W2593864460","https://openalex.org/W2607219512","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2618043096","https://openalex.org/W2620038827","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2768899812","https://openalex.org/W2789584252","https://openalex.org/W2793165286","https://openalex.org/W2793633339","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2806471870","https://openalex.org/W2888399003","https://openalex.org/W2891584299","https://openalex.org/W2912447214","https://openalex.org/W2920060675","https://openalex.org/W2931476954","https://openalex.org/W2962752734","https://openalex.org/W2962756933","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963496101","https://openalex.org/W2963539647","https://openalex.org/W2963540169","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963564844","https://openalex.org/W2963570359","https://openalex.org/W2963744840","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963913218","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964164993","https://openalex.org/W2964197269","https://openalex.org/W2964253222","https://openalex.org/W2964341766","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2983219069","https://openalex.org/W2987037559","https://openalex.org/W2994987245","https://openalex.org/W2998702515","https://openalex.org/W3007297946","https://openalex.org/W3022151098","https://openalex.org/W3036286896","https://openalex.org/W3102720581","https://openalex.org/W3103836116","https://openalex.org/W3105249702","https://openalex.org/W3105599650","https://openalex.org/W3122061855","https://openalex.org/W3184998487","https://openalex.org/W4289283320","https://openalex.org/W4289549563","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4297779775","https://openalex.org/W4299356147","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6729756640","https://openalex.org/W6738369334","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6745454490","https://openalex.org/W6746286392","https://openalex.org/W6748204703","https://openalex.org/W6748458661","https://openalex.org/W6749162425","https://openalex.org/W6751839145","https://openalex.org/W6752745768","https://openalex.org/W6754081347","https://openalex.org/W6754390751","https://openalex.org/W6754558403","https://openalex.org/W6756405315","https://openalex.org/W6765694979","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6770385200","https://openalex.org/W6774760552","https://openalex.org/W7038994942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247200422","https://openalex.org/W3193857078","https://openalex.org/W3208304128","https://openalex.org/W4293054861","https://openalex.org/W2952919291","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W4379255972","https://openalex.org/W4283771505","https://openalex.org/W3101705166","https://openalex.org/W2997093650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"great":[1],"performance":[2],"of":[3,67,72,79],"machine":[4],"learning":[5,46],"algorithms":[6],"and":[7,14,31,52,127,152,159],"deep":[8,45,68],"neural":[9,69],"networks":[10],"in":[11,25,129,146],"several":[12,37,58],"perception":[13],"control":[15],"tasks":[16],"is":[17,144],"pushing":[18],"the":[19,65,96,112,130,141],"industry":[20],"to":[21,40,43,63,84,110],"adopt":[22],"such":[23],"technologies":[24],"safety-critical":[26],"applications,":[27],"as":[28],"autonomous":[29],"robots":[30],"self-driving":[32],"vehicles.":[33],"At":[34],"present,":[35],"however,":[36],"issues":[38],"need":[39],"be":[41],"solved":[42],"make":[44],"methods":[47,59,124],"more":[48],"trustworthy,":[49],"predictable,":[50],"safe,":[51],"secure":[53],"against":[54,115],"adversarial":[55,80,150],"attacks.":[56],"Although":[57],"have":[60],"been":[61],"proposed":[62,126,142],"improve":[64],"trustworthiness":[66],"networks,":[70],"most":[71],"them":[73],"are":[74,125],"tailored":[75],"for":[76,132],"specific":[77],"classes":[78],"examples,":[81],"hence":[82],"failing":[83],"detect":[85],"other":[86],"corner":[87],"cases":[88],"or":[89],"unsafe":[90,117],"inputs":[91],"that":[92,140],"heavily":[93],"deviate":[94],"from":[95],"training":[97],"samples.":[98],"This":[99],"paper":[100],"presents":[101],"a":[102],"lightweight":[103],"monitoring":[104],"architecture":[105,131],"based":[106],"on":[107],"coverage":[108,122],"paradigms":[109],"enhance":[111],"model":[113],"robustness":[114],"different":[116],"inputs.":[118],"In":[119],"particular,":[120],"four":[121],"analysis":[123],"tested":[128],"evaluating":[133],"multiple":[134],"detection":[135],"logic.":[136],"Experimental":[137],"results":[138],"show":[139],"approach":[143],"effective":[145],"detecting":[147],"both":[148],"powerful":[149],"examples":[151],"out-of-distribution":[153],"inputs,":[154],"introducing":[155],"limited":[156],"extra-execution":[157],"time":[158],"memory":[160],"requirements.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}