{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094130708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3156637","title":"SeqTrans: Automatic Vulnerability Fix Via Sequence to Sequence Learning","display_name":"SeqTrans: Automatic Vulnerability Fix Via Sequence to Sequence Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094130708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3156637","mag":"3094130708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3156637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3156637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq072wz","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076415623","display_name":"Jianlei Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-0955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianlei Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education Key Lab For Intelligent Networks and Network Security (MOEKLINNS), School of Computer Science and Technology, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Lab For Intelligent Networks and Network Security (MOEKLINNS), School of Computer Science and Technology, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101578655","display_name":"Yu Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1400-6740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101554099","display_name":"Ting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7600-0934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education Key Lab For Intelligent Networks and Network Security (MOEKLINNS), School of Computer Science and Technology, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Lab For Intelligent Networks and Network Security (MOEKLINNS), School of Computer Science and Technology, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041083459","display_name":"Qinghua Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8436-4754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education Key Lab For Intelligent Networks and Network Security (MOEKLINNS), School of Computer Science and Technology, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Lab For Intelligent Networks and Network Security (MOEKLINNS), School of Computer Science and Technology, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073376805","display_name":"Heng Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-7742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076415623"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.6857,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99503414,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"564","last_page":"585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8254567384719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.6928883790969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5068545937538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34987109899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2561723589897156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8254567384719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6928883790969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5068545937538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34987109899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2561723589897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3156637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3156637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt4qq072wz","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq072wz","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq072wz","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt4qq072wz","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq072wz","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq072wz","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1905943838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61632015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4938631274","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1766215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5065734402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61833015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6387986177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61721002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8216081277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772408","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8518709538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8665341034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002280","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094130708.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094130708.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":126,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1574060188","https://openalex.org/W1810943226","https://openalex.org/W1988281920","https://openalex.org/W1997646511","https://openalex.org/W2016027000","https://openalex.org/W2060333670","https://openalex.org/W2063171995","https://openalex.org/W2063387237","https://openalex.org/W2065489029","https://openalex.org/W2076719273","https://openalex.org/W2079753286","https://openalex.org/W2099866050","https://openalex.org/W2112736324","https://openalex.org/W2113302524","https://openalex.org/W2116261113","https://openalex.org/W2122947685","https://openalex.org/W2126513753","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2143861926","https://openalex.org/W2153723363","https://openalex.org/W2154798342","https://openalex.org/W2156553998","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2346062110","https://openalex.org/W2373227884","https://openalex.org/W2400994325","https://openalex.org/W2414484917","https://openalex.org/W2518136680","https://openalex.org/W2537787699","https://openalex.org/W2548627465","https://openalex.org/W2587741066","https://openalex.org/W2605202003","https://openalex.org/W2621297919","https://openalex.org/W2745087117","https://openalex.org/W2766540688","https://openalex.org/W2767766265","https://openalex.org/W2767951593","https://openalex.org/W2777430404","https://openalex.org/W2795030435","https://openalex.org/W2795866244","https://openalex.org/W2799855324","https://openalex.org/W2804040235","https://openalex.org/W2807730630","https://openalex.org/W2808534336","https://openalex.org/W2867448323","https://openalex.org/W2883613460","https://openalex.org/W2888328667","https://openalex.org/W2895570420","https://openalex.org/W2900777821","https://openalex.org/W2903736548","https://openalex.org/W2904214673","https://openalex.org/W2905288168","https://openalex.org/W2905489084","https://openalex.org/W2907705732","https://openalex.org/W2915977493","https://openalex.org/W2949920209","https://openalex.org/W2952913664","https://openalex.org/W2953504043","https://openalex.org/W2954401434","https://openalex.org/W2954778170","https://openalex.org/W2954823997","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2957919018","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962866159","https://openalex.org/W2962914467","https://openalex.org/W2963196945","https://openalex.org/W2963212250","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2963321189","https://openalex.org/W2963355447","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963620441","https://openalex.org/W2963703197","https://openalex.org/W2963926786","https://openalex.org/W2963935794","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2971270287","https://openalex.org/W2972082064","https://openalex.org/W2974889942","https://openalex.org/W2979679630","https://openalex.org/W2979977910","https://openalex.org/W2982065631","https://openalex.org/W2991391304","https://openalex.org/W2992334043","https://openalex.org/W2996248296","https://openalex.org/W2998011150","https://openalex.org/W3009153459","https://openalex.org/W3012626099","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3081159607","https://openalex.org/W3089621332","https://openalex.org/W3089809702","https://openalex.org/W3089869718","https://openalex.org/W3100698844","https://openalex.org/W3102516861","https://openalex.org/W3103182178","https://openalex.org/W3104229680","https://openalex.org/W3122945969","https://openalex.org/W3156480510","https://openalex.org/W3185478975","https://openalex.org/W3208407575","https://openalex.org/W4243227753","https://openalex.org/W4244452926","https://openalex.org/W4253045788","https://openalex.org/W4255632703","https://openalex.org/W4288088648","https://openalex.org/W4288614128","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6619731527","https://openalex.org/W6682894951","https://openalex.org/W6732580896","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6751757098","https://openalex.org/W6753443810","https://openalex.org/W6756758367","https://openalex.org/W6757842265","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6766951040","https://openalex.org/W6769717480","https://openalex.org/W6771236000","https://openalex.org/W6771644057","https://openalex.org/W6774629125","https://openalex.org/W6780226713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"vulnerabilities":[1,18,176],"are":[2],"now":[3],"reported":[4],"unprecedentedly":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,28,61,66,86,90,108],"the":[8,31,35,46,72,77,81,98,110,135,140,155,161,166],"recent":[9],"development":[10],"of":[11,48,137,175],"automated":[12],"vulnerability":[13,32,64],"hunting":[14],"tools.":[15],"However,":[16],"fixing":[17],"still":[19],"mainly":[20],"depends":[21],"on":[22,118],"programmers\u2019":[23],"manual":[24],"efforts.":[25],"Developers":[26],"need":[27],"deeply":[29],"understand":[30],"and":[33,69,94,143,149,163,181],"affect":[34],"system\u2019s":[36],"functions":[37],"as":[38,40],"little":[39],"possible.":[41],"In":[42,154],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"with":[45],"advancement":[47],"Neural":[49],"Machine":[50],"Translation":[51],"(NMT)":[52],"techniques,":[53],"we":[54,84,157],"provide":[55,67],"a":[56,119],"novel":[57],"approach":[58],"called":[59],"SeqTrans":[60,117,138],"exploit":[62],"historical":[63],"fixes":[65],"suggestions":[68],"automatically":[70],"fix":[71,125,148],"source":[73],"code.":[74],"To":[75],"capture":[76],"contextual":[78],"information":[79],"around":[80],"vulnerable":[82],"code,":[83],"propose":[85],"leverage":[87],"data-flow":[88],"dependencies":[89],"construct":[91],"code":[92],"sequences":[93],"feed":[95],"them":[96],"into":[97],"state-of-the-art":[99],"transformer":[100],"model.":[101],"The":[102],"fine-tuning":[103],"strategy":[104],"has":[105],"been":[106],"introduced":[107],"overcome":[109],"small":[111],"sample":[112],"size":[113],"problem.":[114],"We":[115],"evaluate":[116],"dataset":[120],"containing":[121],"1,282":[122],"commits":[123],"that":[124,134,165],"624":[126],"CVEs":[127],"in":[128,146,151,172],"205":[129],"Java":[130],"projects.":[131],"Results":[132],"show":[133],"accuracy":[136],"outperforms":[139],"latest":[141],"techniques":[142],"achieves":[144],"23.3%":[145],"statement-level":[147],"25.3%":[150],"CVE-level":[152],"fix.":[153],"meantime,":[156],"look":[158],"deep":[159],"inside":[160],"result":[162],"observe":[164],"NMT":[167],"model":[168],"performs":[169],"very":[170],"well":[171],"certain":[173],"kinds":[174],"like":[177],"CWE-287":[178],"(Improper":[179],"Authentication)":[180],"CWE-863":[182],"(Incorrect":[183],"Authorization).":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
