{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119204264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2021.3049735","title":"The Effect of Feature Characteristics on the Performance of Feature Location Techniques","display_name":"The Effect of Feature Characteristics on the Performance of Feature Location Techniques","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119204264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2021.3049735","mag":"3119204264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2021.3049735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2021.3049735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060553332","display_name":"Abdul Razzaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4351-1487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Razzaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lero-Irish Software Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4351-1487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lero-Irish Software Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020823954","display_name":"Anthony Ventresque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2064-1238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Ventresque","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012031968","display_name":"Rainer Koschke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-3444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rainer Koschke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arbeitsgruppe Softwaretechnik, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arbeitsgruppe Softwaretechnik, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079088548","display_name":"Andrea De Lucia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-1425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea De Lucia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universit&#x00E0; di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-1425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universit&#x00E0; di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084329596","display_name":"Jim Buckley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6928-6746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Buckley","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIS, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIS, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060553332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.278,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89729583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"6","first_page":"2066","last_page":"2085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifier","display_name":"Identifier","score":0.7581652402877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7078357934951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.6922016143798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.66866135597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5332042574882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5146852135658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4893936216831207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4449623227119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41075098514556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3723496198654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3592960834503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2750905752182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.24943795800209045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.06823250651359558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.7581652402877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7078357934951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.6922016143798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.66866135597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5332042574882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5146852135658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4893936216831207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4449623227119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41075098514556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3723496198654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3592960834503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2750905752182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.24943795800209045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.06823250651359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2021.3049735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2021.3049735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7736775806","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W397180395","https://openalex.org/W601091116","https://openalex.org/W1539495021","https://openalex.org/W1568971298","https://openalex.org/W1965484571","https://openalex.org/W1968882522","https://openalex.org/W1979991500","https://openalex.org/W1981829374","https://openalex.org/W1982877624","https://openalex.org/W1984769393","https://openalex.org/W1984935883","https://openalex.org/W1986282331","https://openalex.org/W1996901220","https://openalex.org/W1997885138","https://openalex.org/W2009977560","https://openalex.org/W2015729052","https://openalex.org/W2017439596","https://openalex.org/W2017974706","https://openalex.org/W2028501526","https://openalex.org/W2032167823","https://openalex.org/W2038760838","https://openalex.org/W2040577374","https://openalex.org/W2057473306","https://openalex.org/W2062611217","https://openalex.org/W2062949335","https://openalex.org/W2075072883","https://openalex.org/W2076264506","https://openalex.org/W2082805143","https://openalex.org/W2085597081","https://openalex.org/W2094175593","https://openalex.org/W2097850216","https://openalex.org/W2099571428","https://openalex.org/W2107406649","https://openalex.org/W2111013302","https://openalex.org/W2116595917","https://openalex.org/W2118548380","https://openalex.org/W2119992936","https://openalex.org/W2122519137","https://openalex.org/W2122581326","https://openalex.org/W2125682153","https://openalex.org/W2128581098","https://openalex.org/W2132762162","https://openalex.org/W2136119429","https://openalex.org/W2146781646","https://openalex.org/W2151064994","https://openalex.org/W2157943826","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2160988203","https://openalex.org/W2163956676","https://openalex.org/W2264942984","https://openalex.org/W2336438358","https://openalex.org/W2407167388","https://openalex.org/W2543421208","https://openalex.org/W2548614663","https://openalex.org/W2605284977","https://openalex.org/W2606644494","https://openalex.org/W2619825482","https://openalex.org/W2757825476","https://openalex.org/W2761748034","https://openalex.org/W2794601162","https://openalex.org/W2800981371","https://openalex.org/W2804536328","https://openalex.org/W2832556032","https://openalex.org/W2893113314","https://openalex.org/W2896276451","https://openalex.org/W2902230480","https://openalex.org/W2903382629","https://openalex.org/W2959329670","https://openalex.org/W3169801952","https://openalex.org/W4212984406","https://openalex.org/W4251218026","https://openalex.org/W4300335600","https://openalex.org/W6618162366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231704780","https://openalex.org/W2083794993","https://openalex.org/W4378651134","https://openalex.org/W352609212","https://openalex.org/W1511772879","https://openalex.org/W1979633005","https://openalex.org/W2099969795","https://openalex.org/W3120493416","https://openalex.org/W2098192829","https://openalex.org/W3081644756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<italic":[0,48,64,155],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1,49,65,156],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Feature":[2],"Location":[3,33],"(FL)</i>":[4],"is":[5,55,62,187,215],"a":[6,28,132,184],"core":[7],"software":[8,26,278],"maintenance":[9],"activity":[10],"that":[11,106,124,162,241],"aims":[12],"to":[13,165,177,192,254,271,290],"locate":[14],"observable":[15],"functionalities":[16],"in":[17,25,74,113,276],"the":[18,47,63,68,75,79,99,114,125,182,194,197,200,237,242,262,272,277,287],"source":[19],"code.":[20],"Given":[21],"its":[22],"key":[23],"role":[24],"change,":[27],"vast":[29],"array":[30],"of":[31,51,67,101,118,159,202,236,266,286],"Feature":[32],"Techniques":[34],"(FLTs)":[35],"have":[36,83,131],"been":[37],"proposed":[38],"but,":[39],"as":[40,232],"more":[41,43,263,283],"and":[42,87,94,149,172,199,209,223,250,282],"FLTs":[44,140,150,171,176,253],"are":[45,163],"introduced,":[46],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">selection":[50],"an":[52,56],"appropriate":[53,267],"FLT</i>":[54],"increasingly":[57],"difficult":[58],"problem.":[59],"One":[60],"consideration":[61,285],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">characteristics":[66],"features</i>":[69],"being":[70],"sought.":[71],"For":[72],"example,":[73],"code":[76],"associated":[77],"with":[78,88,269],"feature,":[80],"programmers":[81],"may":[82,96],"named":[84],"identifiers":[85],"consistently,":[86],"meaningful":[89],"naming":[90],"conventions,":[91],"or":[92],"not,":[93],"this":[95,144,152,258],"impact":[97,134],"on":[98,135,174],"suitability":[100],"different":[102,178,252,255],"FLTs.":[103,292],"The":[104,213],"suggestion":[105],"such":[107],"characteristics":[108,148,275],"matter":[109],"has":[110],"implicit":[111],"support":[112],"literature:":[115],"An":[116],"analysis":[117],"existing":[119],"FLT":[120,136,247],"empirical":[121,238],"studies":[122],"reveals":[123],"system":[126],"under":[127,280],"study":[128],"can":[129],"often":[130],"stronger":[133],"performance":[137,201,248],"than":[138],"differing":[139],"themselves.":[141],"To":[142,180],"understand":[143],"interaction":[145],"between":[146,196],"feature":[147,274],"better,":[151],"paper":[153,259],"proposes":[154],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a":[157],"suite":[158,244],"feature-characteristic":[160],"metrics</i>":[161],"postulated":[164],"control":[166],"FLTs\u2019":[167],"performance,":[168],"holistically":[169],"across":[170],"impacting":[173],"individual":[175],"degrees.":[179,256],"evaluate":[181],"suite,":[183],"controlled":[185],"experiment":[186],"performed,":[188],"using":[189,217],"878":[190],"features,":[191],"probe":[193],"relationship":[195],"metrics":[198,231],"four":[203,218],"FTL":[204],"techniques:":[205],"three":[206],"commonly-used":[207],"techniques":[208],"one":[210],"state-of-the-art":[211],"technique.":[212],"evaluation":[214,221,239],"performed":[216],"commonly":[219],"used":[220],"measures":[222],"extended":[224],"by":[225],"employing":[226],"41":[227],"other":[228],"established":[229],"source-code":[230],"extraneous":[233],"variables.":[234],"Results":[235],"suggest":[240],"feature-metric":[243],"presented":[245],"impacts":[246,251],"holistically,":[249],"Thus,":[257],"moves":[260],"towards":[261],"standard":[264],"selection":[265],"FLTs,":[268],"respect":[270],"prominent":[273],"systems":[279],"study,":[281],"rigorous":[284],"features":[288],"selected":[289],"compare":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}