{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007045600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2989002","title":"Defining Smart Contract Defects on Ethereum","display_name":"Defining Smart Contract Defects on Ethereum","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007045600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2989002","mag":"3007045600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2020.2989002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2989002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086118824","display_name":"Jiachi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0192-9992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiachi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006669765","display_name":"Xin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-3256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081036622","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082913979","display_name":"John Grundy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Grundy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400376","display_name":"Xiapu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-3208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiapu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443178","display_name":"Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086118824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.7088,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":204,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99573447,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"1","first_page":"327","last_page":"345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.8006733655929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6960150003433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.6958174705505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36193257570266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.32295000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2501240372657776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.8006733655929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6960150003433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.6958174705505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36193257570266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.32295000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2501240372657776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2020.2989002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2989002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-7932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7932&amp;amp;context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2020.2989002","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1258950356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0804100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3267909186","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE200100021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3683631156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171406816","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2106013472","https://openalex.org/W2153242493","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2160506632","https://openalex.org/W2380271241","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2738122318","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2792261072","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2994373027","https://openalex.org/W3031032747","https://openalex.org/W3101076222","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4241226065","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6606056927","https://openalex.org/W6779236108"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4396713893","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<italic":[0,39,98,144],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1,40,99,145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Smart":[2],"contracts</i>":[3],"are":[4,11,32,189],"programs":[5],"running":[6],"on":[7],"a":[8,50,75],"blockchain.":[9],"They":[10],"immutable":[12],"to":[13,29,56,64,77,107,139],"change,":[14],"and":[15,34,81,135,159,176,191,198,216,240],"hence":[16],"can":[17],"not":[18],"be":[19],"patched":[20],"for":[21],"bugs":[22,80],"once":[23],"deployed.":[24],"Thus":[25],"it":[26,55,104],"is":[27,43,74,105],"critical":[28],"ensure":[30],"they":[31],"bug-free":[33],"well-designed":[35],"before":[36],"deployment.":[37],"A":[38],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Contract":[41],"defect</i>":[42],"an":[44,58,173],"error,":[45],"flaw":[46],"or":[47,60,63],"fault":[48],"in":[49,66,210],"smart":[51,89,109,128,201,214],"contract":[52,72,110,168,187,208,215,228],"that":[53],"causes":[54],"produce":[57],"incorrect":[59],"unexpected":[61],"result,":[62],"behave":[65],"unintended":[67],"ways.":[68],"The":[69],"detection":[70],"of":[71,85,143,200,237],"defects":[73,188,209,239],"method":[76],"avoid":[78],"potential":[79,154],"improve":[82,195],"the":[83,97,196,235,238],"design":[84],"existing":[86],"code.":[87],"Since":[88],"contracts":[90],"contain":[91],"numerous":[92],"distinctive":[93],"features,":[94],"such":[95],"as":[96,124,126,169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">gas":[100],"system.":[101],"decentralized</i>":[102],",":[103],"important":[106],"find":[108],"specified":[111],"defects.":[112,229],"To":[113,162],"fill":[114],"this":[115],"gap,":[116],"we":[117,171,222],"collected":[118],"smart-contract-related":[119],"posts":[120,134],"from":[121,180],"Ethereum":[122],"StackExchange,":[123],"well":[125],"real-world":[127],"contracts.":[129,202],"We":[130,149,203],"manually":[131,204],"analyzed":[132],"these":[133,167,186],"contracts;":[136],"using":[137],"them":[138,151,193],"define":[140],"20":[141],"kinds":[142],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">contract":[146],"defects</i>":[147],".":[148],"categorized":[150],"into":[152],"indicating":[153],"security,":[155],"availability,":[156],"performance,":[157],"maintainability":[158],"reusability":[160],"problems.":[161],"validate":[163],"if":[164],"practitioners":[165],"consider":[166],"harmful,":[170],"created":[172],"online":[174],"survey":[175],"received":[177],"138":[178],"responses":[179],"32":[181],"different":[182],"countries.":[183],"Feedback":[184],"showed":[185],"harmful":[190],"removing":[192],"would":[194],"quality":[197],"robustness":[199],"identified":[205],"our":[206,219],"defined":[207],"587":[211],"real":[212],"world":[213],"publicly":[217],"released":[218],"dataset.":[220],"Finally,":[221],"summarized":[223],"5":[224],"impacts":[225],"caused":[226],"by":[227],"These":[230],"help":[231],"developers":[232],"better":[233],"understand":[234],"symptoms":[236],"removal":[241],"priority.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
