{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016926230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2986415","title":"Better Data Labelling With EMBLEM (and how that Impacts Defect Prediction)","display_name":"Better Data Labelling With EMBLEM (and how that Impacts Defect Prediction)","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016926230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2986415","mag":"3016926230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2020.2986415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2986415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039790523","display_name":"Huy Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7843-252X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huy Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University College of Engineering, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7843-252X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University College of Engineering, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014850850","display_name":"Zhe Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6841-1725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University College of Engineering, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6841-1725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University College of Engineering, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077008083","display_name":"Tim Menzies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-3196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Menzies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University College of Engineering, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-3196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University College of Engineering, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97221737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"1","first_page":"278","last_page":"294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emblem","display_name":"Emblem","score":0.8917262554168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6890153288841248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6653648614883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5250418186187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3534718155860901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.18766555190086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16720163822174072}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112110","display_name":"Emblem","level":2,"score":0.8917262554168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6890153288841248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6653648614883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5250418186187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3534718155860901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.18766555190086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16720163822174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2020.2986415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2986415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6418964754","display_name":"Elements: Can Empirical SE be Adapted to Computational Science?","funder_award_id":"1931425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7293436390","display_name":"EAGER: Empirical Software Engineering for  Computational  Science","funder_award_id":"1826574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507777432","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1655956671","https://openalex.org/W1700671489","https://openalex.org/W1914969610","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W1997236144","https://openalex.org/W2003934931","https://openalex.org/W2005504865","https://openalex.org/W2009786711","https://openalex.org/W2017425457","https://openalex.org/W2019465613","https://openalex.org/W2025700486","https://openalex.org/W2029075138","https://openalex.org/W2037771830","https://openalex.org/W2040915209","https://openalex.org/W2043566294","https://openalex.org/W2043779491","https://openalex.org/W2048069425","https://openalex.org/W2057826716","https://openalex.org/W2059135017","https://openalex.org/W2062020999","https://openalex.org/W2068430427","https://openalex.org/W2078391824","https://openalex.org/W2088558968","https://openalex.org/W2099593355","https://openalex.org/W2099794800","https://openalex.org/W2102212651","https://openalex.org/W2102295719","https://openalex.org/W2103325328","https://openalex.org/W2104329051","https://openalex.org/W2104882279","https://openalex.org/W2108161968","https://openalex.org/W2110915073","https://openalex.org/W2111421634","https://openalex.org/W2129164226","https://openalex.org/W2130602377","https://openalex.org/W2132887549","https://openalex.org/W2137235241","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2140952846","https://openalex.org/W2140984588","https://openalex.org/W2143085507","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2147386665","https://openalex.org/W2149014999","https://openalex.org/W2150874999","https://openalex.org/W2151802193","https://openalex.org/W2157353183","https://openalex.org/W2158744032","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2159610968","https://openalex.org/W2160988203","https://openalex.org/W2163732854","https://openalex.org/W2164519300","https://openalex.org/W2168248828","https://openalex.org/W2170923331","https://openalex.org/W2277091242","https://openalex.org/W2341384651","https://openalex.org/W2344072768","https://openalex.org/W2367798545","https://openalex.org/W2394841101","https://openalex.org/W2404374285","https://openalex.org/W2510475640","https://openalex.org/W2518085703","https://openalex.org/W2519440759","https://openalex.org/W2530824252","https://openalex.org/W2533861448","https://openalex.org/W2548915941","https://openalex.org/W2559885217","https://openalex.org/W2587676558","https://openalex.org/W2593675739","https://openalex.org/W2599212561","https://openalex.org/W2621485502","https://openalex.org/W2731935965","https://openalex.org/W2735766366","https://openalex.org/W2742025582","https://openalex.org/W2767894374","https://openalex.org/W2785836523","https://openalex.org/W2792987835","https://openalex.org/W2795013017","https://openalex.org/W2795469443","https://openalex.org/W2796899368","https://openalex.org/W2799610300","https://openalex.org/W2883743081","https://openalex.org/W2891849194","https://openalex.org/W2898124301","https://openalex.org/W2899922619","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914608582","https://openalex.org/W2922234936","https://openalex.org/W2945625043","https://openalex.org/W2946788984","https://openalex.org/W2963173301","https://openalex.org/W2964237675","https://openalex.org/W2964279097","https://openalex.org/W2972501257","https://openalex.org/W2981328759","https://openalex.org/W2984866711","https://openalex.org/W3011117898","https://openalex.org/W3099018856","https://openalex.org/W3100650955","https://openalex.org/W3102727295","https://openalex.org/W3105684902","https://openalex.org/W3125060662","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W3142656464","https://openalex.org/W3144106047","https://openalex.org/W4206600618","https://openalex.org/W4231241365","https://openalex.org/W4237979974","https://openalex.org/W4245807786","https://openalex.org/W4250023757","https://openalex.org/W4252675558","https://openalex.org/W4296394699","https://openalex.org/W4300678113","https://openalex.org/W6637371007","https://openalex.org/W6680366005","https://openalex.org/W6726962172","https://openalex.org/W6741742832","https://openalex.org/W6763071417","https://openalex.org/W6767798009","https://openalex.org/W6774985991"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W643334586","https://openalex.org/W4238966828","https://openalex.org/W4378373999","https://openalex.org/W1963513801","https://openalex.org/W425779071","https://openalex.org/W3191668101","https://openalex.org/W645653226","https://openalex.org/W2117202197","https://openalex.org/W2910380639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"automatic":[1],"methods":[2,115,132],"for":[3,67],"recognizing":[4],"problematic":[5],"development":[6,31],"commits":[7,35],"can":[8,77],"be":[9],"greatly":[10],"improved":[11],"via":[12,99],"the":[13,29,52,55,124,140],"incremental":[14,101],"application":[15,102],"of":[16,103,110],"human+artificial":[17],"expertise.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20,64],"approach,":[21],"called":[22],"EMBLEM,":[23],"an":[24,108],"AI":[25,53],"tool":[26],"first":[27],"explore":[28],"software":[30,96],"process":[32],"to":[33,45,81,86],"label":[34,82],"that":[36],"are":[37],"most":[38],"problematic.":[39],"Humans":[40],"then":[41],"apply":[42],"their":[43,59],"expertise":[44],"check":[46],"those":[47],"labels":[48],"(perhaps":[49],"resulting":[50],"in":[51,90,137],"updating":[54],"support":[56],"vectors":[57],"within":[58],"SVM":[60],"learner).":[61],"We":[62],"recommend":[63],"human+AI":[65,104],"partnership,":[66],"several":[68],"reasons.":[69],"When":[70],"a":[71],"new":[72],"domain":[73],"is":[74,105,120],"encountered,":[75],"EMBLEM":[76,119,129],"learn":[78],"better":[79,130],"ways":[80],"which":[83],"comments":[84],"refer":[85],"real":[87],"problems.":[88],"Also,":[89],"studies":[91],"with":[92],"9":[93],"open":[94],"source":[95],"projects,":[97],"labelling":[98,131],"EMBLEM's":[100],"at":[106],"least":[107],"order":[109],"magnitude":[111],"cheaper":[112],"than":[113],"existing":[114],"($\\approx$eight":[116],"times).":[117],"Further,":[118],"very":[121],"effective.":[122],"For":[123],"data":[125],"sets":[126],"explored":[127],"here,":[128],"significantly":[133],"improved$P_{opt}20$and":[134],"G-scores":[135],"performance":[136],"nearly":[138],"all":[139],"projects":[141],"studied":[142],"here.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}