{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979480859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2946830","title":"Easy-to-Deploy API Extraction by Multi-Level Feature Embedding and Transfer Learning","display_name":"Easy-to-Deploy API Extraction by Multi-Level Feature Embedding and Transfer Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979480859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2946830","mag":"2979480859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2946830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2946830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028362646","display_name":"Suyu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5414-7812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suyu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028641941","display_name":"Zhenchang Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7663-1421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenchang Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering & Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","[College of Engineering & Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering & Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[College of Engineering & Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075639297","display_name":"Chunyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2011-9618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm, Shanghai, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420610","display_name":"Cheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8134-983X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008486397","display_name":"Lizhen Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-431X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhen Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354142","display_name":"Guoqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9005-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","(School of Software; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai,China)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(School of Software; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai,China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028362646"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4786,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9767193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"10","first_page":"2296","last_page":"2311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9046648740768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.5714188814163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5675871968269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-programming-interface","display_name":"Application programming interface","score":0.48889628052711487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.48616287112236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4796474575996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4575596749782562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.45349088311195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.435535728931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32922178506851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3215028643608093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9046648740768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.5714188814163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5675871968269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99613125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165194","display_name":"Application programming interface","level":2,"score":0.48889628052711487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.48616287112236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4796474575996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4575596749782562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45349088311195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.435535728931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32922178506851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3215028643608093}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2946830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2946830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501139663","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1615991656","https://openalex.org/W1850047186","https://openalex.org/W1938755728","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W2027225221","https://openalex.org/W2060632533","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2101609803","https://openalex.org/W2105400090","https://openalex.org/W2111878854","https://openalex.org/W2115130131","https://openalex.org/W2122060876","https://openalex.org/W2125031621","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2135352205","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2163960678","https://openalex.org/W2165363894","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2168939893","https://openalex.org/W2170592526","https://openalex.org/W2220350356","https://openalex.org/W2246822044","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250879510","https://openalex.org/W2252215182","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2295582178","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2366532918","https://openalex.org/W2399026538","https://openalex.org/W2406204547","https://openalex.org/W2510490307","https://openalex.org/W2513969877","https://openalex.org/W2577625626","https://openalex.org/W2605089588","https://openalex.org/W2617307387","https://openalex.org/W2753160622","https://openalex.org/W2767782162","https://openalex.org/W2774988559","https://openalex.org/W2794354396","https://openalex.org/W2888017562","https://openalex.org/W2888755838","https://openalex.org/W2891290227","https://openalex.org/W2899371602","https://openalex.org/W2901934569","https://openalex.org/W2911831256","https://openalex.org/W2922099667","https://openalex.org/W2942870440","https://openalex.org/W2951559648","https://openalex.org/W2962732637","https://openalex.org/W2963012544","https://openalex.org/W2963625095","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2972492919","https://openalex.org/W3147133761","https://openalex.org/W4246271343","https://openalex.org/W4251218026","https://openalex.org/W6630005552","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640362995","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6678885109","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6680097743","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6684956099","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6688806467","https://openalex.org/W6697274609","https://openalex.org/W6743661861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308262314","https://openalex.org/W4382286161","https://openalex.org/W4386213806","https://openalex.org/W2960456850","https://openalex.org/W3021430260","https://openalex.org/W4281645081","https://openalex.org/W2946016983","https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4317565044","https://openalex.org/W3015887428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Application":[0],"Programming":[1],"Interfaces":[2],"(APIs)":[3],"have":[4,61,173],"been":[5],"widely":[6],"discussed":[7],"on":[8,110],"social-technical":[9],"platforms":[10],"(e.g.,":[11,113],"Stack":[12],"Overflow).":[13],"Extracting":[14],"API":[15,36,84,114,189,224],"mentions":[16],"from":[17,95],"such":[18],"informal":[19,46,192,227],"software":[20,47,145,193,228],"texts":[21,48],"is":[22],"the":[23,96,101,108,117,137,144,182,195,200,210,232],"prerequisite":[24],"for":[25,83,103,188,223],"API-centric":[26],"search":[27],"and":[28,54,69,92,107,151,172,176],"summarization":[29],"of":[30,139,147,164,184,197,202,213,235],"programming":[31,149,166],"knowledge.":[32],"Machine":[33],"learning":[34,58,126,220],"based":[35,59,81,221],"extraction":[37,190,225],"has":[38],"demonstrated":[39],"superior":[40,211],"performance":[41,183,212],"than":[42,217],"rule-based":[43],"methods":[44,60,222],"in":[45,65,191,226],"that":[49],"lack":[50],"consistent":[51],"writing":[52],"forms":[53],"annotations.":[55],"However,":[56],"machine":[57,219],"a":[62,77,129,133],"significant":[63],"overhead":[64,138],"preparing":[66],"training":[67],"data":[68],"effective":[70],"features.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"propose":[76,122],"multi-layer":[78],"neural":[79,186,215,237],"network":[80],"architecture":[82,87,187,216],"extraction.":[85],"Our":[86,179,205],"automatically":[88],"learns":[89],"character-,":[90],"word-":[91],"sentence-level":[93],"features":[94,112],"input":[97,118],"texts,":[98,194,229],"thus":[99,135],"removing":[100],"need":[102,153],"manual":[104,140],"feature":[105],"engineering":[106],"dependence":[109],"advanced":[111],"gazetteers)":[115],"beyond":[116],"texts.":[119],"We":[120,157],"also":[121,231],"to":[123,127,132,154],"adopt":[124],"transfer":[125,203],"adapt":[128],"source-library-trained":[130],"model":[131],"target-library,":[134],"reducing":[136],"training-data":[141],"labeling":[142],"when":[143],"text":[146],"multiple":[148],"languages":[150,167],"libraries":[152,163],"be":[155],"processed.":[156],"conduct":[158],"extensive":[159],"experiments":[160,180],"with":[161],"six":[162],"four":[165],"which":[168],"support":[169],"diverse":[170],"functionalities":[171],"different":[174,198],"API-naming":[175],"API-mention":[177],"characteristics.":[178],"investigate":[181],"our":[185,214,236],"importance":[196],"features,":[199],"effectiveness":[201],"learning.":[204],"results":[206],"confirm":[207],"not":[208],"only":[209],"existing":[218],"but":[230],"easy-to-deploy":[233],"characteristic":[234],"architecture.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}