{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970539155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2937025","title":"Moving from Closed to Open Source: Observations from Six Transitioned Projects to GitHub","display_name":"Moving from Closed to Open Source: Observations from Six Transitioned Projects to GitHub","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970539155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2937025","mag":"2970539155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2937025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2937025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033873409","display_name":"Pavneet Singh Kochhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4342-6672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153468","display_name":"Microsoft (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xhxg104","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pavneet Singh Kochhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039702621","display_name":"Eirini Kalliamvakou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7602-4581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eirini Kalliamvakou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101612061","display_name":"Nachiappan Nagappan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-4124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nachiappan Nagappan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061605447","display_name":"Thomas Zimmermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-1469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Zimmermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036278905","display_name":"Christian Bird","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-0387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Bird","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033873409"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153468"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92050569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.6771376132965088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6667330861091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.5566467046737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"Open source software","score":0.5170724987983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microsoft-office","display_name":"Microsoft Office","score":0.5162367820739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4894081652164459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software-development","display_name":"Open-source software development","score":0.4870438873767853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4830101728439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4228418469429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3834491968154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3311341106891632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15707004070281982}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.6771376132965088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6667330861091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.5566467046737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988343187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645","display_name":"Open source software","level":3,"score":0.5170724987983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523788702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11255","display_name":"Microsoft Office","level":2,"score":0.5162367820739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4894081652164459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778642129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7096425","display_name":"Open-source software development","level":4,"score":0.4870438873767853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4830101728439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4228418469429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3834491968154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3311341106891632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15707004070281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2937025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2937025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65801920","https://openalex.org/W171406816","https://openalex.org/W1510316655","https://openalex.org/W1564363189","https://openalex.org/W1592081868","https://openalex.org/W1658908529","https://openalex.org/W1810067082","https://openalex.org/W1972052832","https://openalex.org/W1984080818","https://openalex.org/W1984141355","https://openalex.org/W2038447318","https://openalex.org/W2040915209","https://openalex.org/W2055837583","https://openalex.org/W2057366964","https://openalex.org/W2099334948","https://openalex.org/W2102979676","https://openalex.org/W2107294940","https://openalex.org/W2111947254","https://openalex.org/W2124100711","https://openalex.org/W2126453564","https://openalex.org/W2127710371","https://openalex.org/W2139092060","https://openalex.org/W2143322095","https://openalex.org/W2144160189","https://openalex.org/W2151187574","https://openalex.org/W2154236932","https://openalex.org/W2155684781","https://openalex.org/W2160175301","https://openalex.org/W2172104240","https://openalex.org/W2344784027","https://openalex.org/W2404633945","https://openalex.org/W2474835145","https://openalex.org/W2601103596","https://openalex.org/W2793331673","https://openalex.org/W2794967409","https://openalex.org/W3122321263","https://openalex.org/W4239439500","https://openalex.org/W4243240013","https://openalex.org/W6635637351","https://openalex.org/W6660187759","https://openalex.org/W6735565396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1726218213","https://openalex.org/W2491403535","https://openalex.org/W653411734","https://openalex.org/W3143664952","https://openalex.org/W2512891830","https://openalex.org/W2113128227","https://openalex.org/W2104915799","https://openalex.org/W632256878","https://openalex.org/W3123068371","https://openalex.org/W4211197663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open":[0],"source":[1,20,64,67,83,86,105,152,209,224,255],"software":[2,60],"systems":[3,68],"have":[4,69],"gained":[5],"a":[6,201],"lot":[7],"of":[8,18,59,146,187,249],"attention":[9],"in":[10,47,56,166],"the":[11,16,54,57,79,116,141,144,150,167,181,184,191,217,230,253,260,263,271],"past":[12],"few":[13],"years.":[14],"With":[15],"emergence":[17],"open":[19,42,66,85,104,151,170,208,223,254,283],"platforms":[21],"like":[22,36],"GitHub,":[23],"developers":[24,188,273],"can":[25],"contribute,":[26],"store,":[27],"and":[28,39,65,97,108,136,149,172,190,194,213,268,274],"manage":[29],"their":[30,44,106,225],"projects":[31,107,279],"with":[32,157,270],"ease.":[33],"Large":[34],"organizations":[35],"Microsoft,":[37],"Google,":[38],"Facebook":[40],"are":[41,216],"sourcing":[43],"in-house":[45],"technologies":[46],"an":[48,207],"effort":[49],"to":[50,84,103,110,169,222,262,281],"more":[51],"broadly":[52],"involve":[53],"community":[55,153],"development":[58],"systems.":[61,87],"Although":[62],"closed":[63,82],"been":[70,75],"studied":[71,120],"extensively,":[72],"there":[73],"has":[74],"little":[76],"research":[77],"on":[78,155,233],"transition":[80,117,142,231],"from":[81,143],"Through":[88],"this":[89],"study":[90],"we":[91,179,258],"aim":[92],"to:":[93],"a)":[94],"provide":[95,275],"guidance":[96],"insights":[98],"for":[99,183,277],"other":[100,278],"teams":[101],"planning":[102,280],"b)":[109],"help":[111],"them":[112],"avoid":[113],"pitfalls":[114],"during":[115],"process.":[118],"We":[119,227],"six":[121],"different":[122],"Microsoft":[123,148,159,162],"systems,":[124,241],"which":[125,219],"were":[126],"recently":[127],"open-sourced":[128],"i.e.,":[129],"CoreFX,":[130],"CoreCLR,":[131],"Roslyn,":[132],"Entity":[133],"Framework,":[134],"MVC,":[135],"Orleans.":[137],"This":[138],"paper":[139],"presents":[140],"viewpoints":[145],"both":[147],"based":[154],"interviews":[156],"eleven":[158,173],"developer,":[160],"five":[161],"senior":[163],"managers":[164],"involved":[165],"decision":[168],"source,":[171],"open-source":[174],"developers.":[175],"From":[176,252],"Microsoft's":[177],"perspective":[178],"discuss":[180,229],"reasons":[182],"transition,":[185],"experiences":[186],"involved,":[189],"transition's":[192],"outcomes":[193,232],"challenges.":[195],"Our":[196],"results":[197],"show":[198],"that":[199],"building":[200],"vibrant":[202],"community,":[203],"prompt":[204],"answers,":[205],"developing":[206],"culture,":[210],"security":[211],"regulations":[212],"business":[214],"opportunities":[215],"factors":[218],"persuade":[220],"companies":[221],"products.":[226],"also":[228],"processes":[234],"such":[235],"as":[236,244,246],"code":[237],"reviews,":[238],"version":[239],"control":[240],"continuous":[242],"integration":[243],"well":[245],"developers'":[247],"perception":[248],"these":[250],"changes.":[251],"community's":[256],"perspective,":[257],"illustrate":[259],"response":[261],"open-sourcing":[264],"initiative":[265],"through":[266],"contributions":[267],"interactions":[269],"internal":[272],"guidelines":[276],"go":[282],"source.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
