{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963457411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2930977","title":"Empirical Evaluation of Fault Localisation Using Code and Change Metrics","display_name":"Empirical Evaluation of Fault Localisation Using Code and Change Metrics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963457411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2930977","mag":"2963457411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2930977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2930977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020584477","display_name":"Jeongju Sohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-2996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeongju Sohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-2996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070401254","display_name":"Shin Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0836-6993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0836-6993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94674247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"8","first_page":"1605","last_page":"1625"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8378598093986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.768704354763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.7184962034225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6451491713523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.5808696746826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5461188554763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5455169677734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.44619470834732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.43967404961586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4340646266937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.413674920797348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40774717926979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40393030643463135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37593287229537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20032092928886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.09654340147972107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8378598093986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.768704354763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.7184962034225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6451491713523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5808696746826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5461188554763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5455169677734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.44619470834732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.43967404961586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4340646266937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.413674920797348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40774717926979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40393030643463135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37593287229537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20032092928886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.09654340147972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2930977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2019.2930977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G668830487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M3C4A7068179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8271617764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016R1C1B1011042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99175238","https://openalex.org/W164706946","https://openalex.org/W170186487","https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W1421985439","https://openalex.org/W1483736078","https://openalex.org/W1728842521","https://openalex.org/W1777124189","https://openalex.org/W1950030762","https://openalex.org/W1973435495","https://openalex.org/W1980015727","https://openalex.org/W1990785546","https://openalex.org/W1991097419","https://openalex.org/W1992862603","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W2010608861","https://openalex.org/W2033644368","https://openalex.org/W2059018540","https://openalex.org/W2067436653","https://openalex.org/W2070249305","https://openalex.org/W2072858195","https://openalex.org/W2096449544","https://openalex.org/W2099768828","https://openalex.org/W2100945416","https://openalex.org/W2101819268","https://openalex.org/W2103318645","https://openalex.org/W2109042184","https://openalex.org/W2114869486","https://openalex.org/W2118599489","https://openalex.org/W2119136132","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2119929766","https://openalex.org/W2126071695","https://openalex.org/W2132887549","https://openalex.org/W2133482825","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2145124323","https://openalex.org/W2146260999","https://openalex.org/W2149427297","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2162045655","https://openalex.org/W2163732854","https://openalex.org/W2166007208","https://openalex.org/W2166879716","https://openalex.org/W2172154252","https://openalex.org/W2226153593","https://openalex.org/W2267809968","https://openalex.org/W2343875716","https://openalex.org/W2465098971","https://openalex.org/W2471516951","https://openalex.org/W2733797843","https://openalex.org/W2735706718","https://openalex.org/W2736091366","https://openalex.org/W2807425974","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2952677397","https://openalex.org/W3005347330","https://openalex.org/W3149100806","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4231241365","https://openalex.org/W4237492309","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4241947695","https://openalex.org/W4243127898","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6606921564","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6628228786","https://openalex.org/W6637572315","https://openalex.org/W6637968757","https://openalex.org/W6674712254","https://openalex.org/W6674989108","https://openalex.org/W6676279030","https://openalex.org/W6693685254","https://openalex.org/W6773842061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2740264376","https://openalex.org/W4206999239","https://openalex.org/W2900719967","https://openalex.org/W4388482952","https://openalex.org/W2161928627","https://openalex.org/W2786113878","https://openalex.org/W2787155073","https://openalex.org/W2727867943","https://openalex.org/W4322631505","https://openalex.org/W3015562293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fault":[0,30],"localisation":[1,47,95,119,227],"aims":[2],"to":[3,19,239],"reduce":[4],"the":[5,13,21,25,60,67,109,138,165,171,180,192,196,203],"debugging":[6],"efforts":[7],"of":[8,24,62,111,140,205,209,244],"human":[9],"developers":[10],"by":[11],"highlighting":[12],"program":[14],"elements":[15],"that":[16,55,77,154,221],"are":[17],"suspected":[18],"be":[20,223,237],"root":[22],"cause":[23],"observed":[26],"failure.":[27],"Spectrum":[28],"Based":[29],"Localisation":[31],"(SBFL),":[32],"a":[33,45,176],"coverage":[34],"based":[35],"approach,":[36],"has":[37,52],"been":[38,53,79],"widely":[39],"studied":[40,81],"in":[41,82],"many":[42],"researches":[43],"as":[44,86,105],"promising":[46],"technique.":[48],"Recently,":[49],"however,":[50],"it":[51],"proven":[54],"SBFL":[56,71,100,182],"techniques":[57],"have":[58,78],"reached":[59],"limit":[61],"further":[63],"improvement.":[64],"To":[65],"overcome":[66],"limitation,":[68],"we":[69],"extend":[70],"with":[72,142,156],"code":[73,113,157],"and":[74,89,102,114,133,158,167,188,194],"change":[75,115,159],"metrics":[76,104,116,160],"mainly":[80],"defect":[83],"prediction,":[84],"such":[85],"size,":[87],"age,":[88],"churn.":[90],"FLUCCS,":[91],"our":[92],"fault":[93,118,210],"learn-to-rank":[94,123],"technique,":[96],"employs":[97],"both":[98],"existing":[99],"formul\u00e6":[101],"these":[103],"input.":[106],"We":[107,136,200],"investigate":[108,202],"effect":[110],"employing":[112],"for":[117,225],"using":[120],"four":[121],"different":[122],"techniques:":[124],"Genetic":[125],"Programming,":[126],"Gaussian":[127],"Process":[128],"Modelling,":[129],"Support":[130],"Vector":[131],"Machine,":[132],"Random":[134],"Forest.":[135],"evaluate":[137],"performance":[139],"FLUCCS":[141,155],"386":[143],"real":[144],"world":[145],"faults":[146,163,169,190],"collected":[147],"from":[148,233],"Defects4J":[149],"repository.":[150],"The":[151,212],"results":[152,213],"show":[153,214],"places":[161],"144":[162],"at":[164,191],"top":[166,172,193,197],"304":[168],"within":[170,195],"ten.":[173],"This":[174],"is":[175],"significant":[177,242],"improvement":[178],"over":[179],"state-of-art":[181],"formul\u00e6,":[183],"which":[184],"can":[185,222,236],"locate":[186],"65":[187],"212":[189],"ten,":[198],"respectively.":[199],"also":[201],"feasibility":[204],"cross-project":[206],"transfer":[207],"learning":[208],"localisation.":[211],"that,":[215],"while":[216],"there":[217],"exist":[218],"project-specific":[219],"properties":[220],"exploited":[224],"better":[226],"per":[228],"project,":[229],"ranking":[230],"models":[231],"learnt":[232],"one":[234],"project":[235],"applied":[238],"others":[240],"without":[241],"loss":[243],"effectiveness.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}