{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904680236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2884911","title":"A Study of Feature Scattering in the Linux Kernel","display_name":"A Study of Feature Scattering in the Linux Kernel","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904680236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2884911","mag":"2904680236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2884911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2884911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000381434","display_name":"Leonardo Passos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6591-993X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Passos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083222812","display_name":"Rodrigo Queiroz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Queiroz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000315992","display_name":"Mukelabai Mukelabai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-4319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukelabai Mukelabai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden","University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072456187","display_name":"Thorsten Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3870-5167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorsten Berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden","University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054951840","display_name":"Sven Apel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-2233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Apel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics and Mathematics, University of Passau, Bavaria, DE, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics and Mathematics, University of Passau, Bavaria, DE, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066916130","display_name":"Krzysztof Czarnecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1642-1101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Czarnecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024839179","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Alejandro Padilla","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Alejandro Padilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAP, SAP Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAP, SAP Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000381434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4309,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97236877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":"146","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.7327054142951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7309439778327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6328094601631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6250573396682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5872146487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5799401998519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5377329587936401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4690552055835724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.40632009506225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.27588412165641785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.27232587337493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.11498633027076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1138022243976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.08697691559791565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.7327054142951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7309439778327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6328094601631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6250573396682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5872146487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5799401998519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5377329587936401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4690552055835724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.40632009506225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.27588412165641785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.27232587337493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.11498633027076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1138022243976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.08697691559791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2884911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2884911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:516823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/516823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:522053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/eecc79ba-4f96-4c5a-8593-2dd51d39ccc1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G370582200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AP 206/11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4064917909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AP206/5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5718890780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"257822902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7063828732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AP 206/6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30112180","https://openalex.org/W30803841","https://openalex.org/W1260237309","https://openalex.org/W1503729935","https://openalex.org/W1512360405","https://openalex.org/W1539495021","https://openalex.org/W1547743088","https://openalex.org/W1551821592","https://openalex.org/W1561032926","https://openalex.org/W1987314273","https://openalex.org/W1991604845","https://openalex.org/W2003113483","https://openalex.org/W2014296507","https://openalex.org/W2019535013","https://openalex.org/W2023687034","https://openalex.org/W2025117917","https://openalex.org/W2045945686","https://openalex.org/W2048848542","https://openalex.org/W2058154764","https://openalex.org/W2065646798","https://openalex.org/W2069942764","https://openalex.org/W2089046029","https://openalex.org/W2097341407","https://openalex.org/W2100476984","https://openalex.org/W2105950237","https://openalex.org/W2110155099","https://openalex.org/W2115771296","https://openalex.org/W2116595917","https://openalex.org/W2117153488","https://openalex.org/W2120789318","https://openalex.org/W2122581326","https://openalex.org/W2123763923","https://openalex.org/W2128780139","https://openalex.org/W2134857847","https://openalex.org/W2143238865","https://openalex.org/W2145052985","https://openalex.org/W2146146776","https://openalex.org/W2153546999","https://openalex.org/W2154362664","https://openalex.org/W2156672158","https://openalex.org/W2157457253","https://openalex.org/W2158127877","https://openalex.org/W2160469838","https://openalex.org/W2170167679","https://openalex.org/W2171947805","https://openalex.org/W2261238734","https://openalex.org/W2495617574","https://openalex.org/W2506994002","https://openalex.org/W2579839439","https://openalex.org/W2589508708","https://openalex.org/W2611036638","https://openalex.org/W2618731789","https://openalex.org/W2782602923","https://openalex.org/W2796229806","https://openalex.org/W2798214469","https://openalex.org/W2808731556","https://openalex.org/W2901833024","https://openalex.org/W3083328823","https://openalex.org/W4238417811","https://openalex.org/W4254691308","https://openalex.org/W6601273406","https://openalex.org/W6601305514","https://openalex.org/W6632456656","https://openalex.org/W6633051775","https://openalex.org/W6678051792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313549863","https://openalex.org/W4231266416","https://openalex.org/W2395465245","https://openalex.org/W2072205733","https://openalex.org/W3176957927","https://openalex.org/W194942058","https://openalex.org/W2991900792","https://openalex.org/W2088986462","https://openalex.org/W1985388819","https://openalex.org/W3081644756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Feature":[0,29],"code":[1,144],"is":[2,10,46],"often":[3,31,131],"scattered":[4,24,106,127],"across":[5],"a":[6,34,61,73,133],"software":[7,42,57],"system.":[8],"Scattering":[9,130],"not":[11,149],"necessarily":[12],"bad":[13],"if":[14],"used":[15],"with":[16,22,33,75,79],"care,":[17],"as":[18],"witnessed":[19],"by":[20,72],"systems":[21],"highly":[23,126],"features":[25,107,114],"that":[26,102,112],"evolved":[27],"successfully.":[28],"scattering,":[30],"realized":[32],"pre-processor,":[35],"circumvents":[36],"limitations":[37],"of":[38,64,89,105],"programming":[39],"languages":[40],"and":[41,55,77,111,125,142,160],"architectures.":[43],"Unfortunately,":[44],"little":[45],"known":[47],"about":[48],"the":[49,68,90,103,157],"principles":[50],"governing":[51],"scattering":[52,66,120,152],"in":[53,67],"large":[54],"long-living":[56],"systems.":[58],"We":[59,84,100],"present":[60],"longitudinal":[62],"study":[63],"feature":[65],"Linux":[69,81],"kernel,":[70],"complemented":[71],"survey":[74],"74,":[76],"interviews":[78],"nine":[80],"kernel":[82],"developers.":[83],"analyzed":[85],"almost":[86],"eight":[87],"years":[88],"kernel's":[91],"history,":[92],"focusing":[93],"on":[94],"its":[95,169],"largest":[96],"subsystem:":[97],"device":[98],"drivers.":[99],"learned":[101],"ratio":[104],"remained":[108],"nearly":[109],"constant":[110],"most":[113],"were":[115],"introduced":[116],"without":[117],"scattering.":[118],"Yet,":[119],"easily":[121],"crosses":[122],"subsystem":[123],"boundaries,":[124],"outliers":[128],"exist.":[129],"addresses":[132],"performance-maintenance":[134],"tradeoff":[135],"(alleviating":[136],"complicated":[137],"APIs),":[138],"hardware":[139],"design":[140,159],"limitations,":[141],"avoids":[143],"duplication.":[145],"While":[146],"developers":[147],"do":[148],"consciously":[150],"enforce":[151],"limits,":[153],"they":[154],"actually":[155],"improve":[156],"system":[158],"refactor":[161],"code,":[162],"thereby":[163],"mitigating":[164],"pre-processor":[165],"idiosyncrasies":[166],"or":[167],"reducing":[168],"use.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
