{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901941771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2881961","title":"Automatic Feature Learning for Predicting Vulnerable Software Components","display_name":"Automatic Feature Learning for Predicting Vulnerable Software Components","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901941771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2881961","mag":"2901941771"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2881961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2881961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automatic_Feature_Learning_for_Predicting_Vulnerable_Software_Components/20782975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017181940","display_name":"Hoa Khanh Dam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4246-0526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoa Khanh Dam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4246-0526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085471517","display_name":"Truyen Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6531-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truyen Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6531-8907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102943268","display_name":"Trang Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3702-7963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trang Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3702-7963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023697728","display_name":"Shien Wee Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4673-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shien Wee Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4673-0397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082913979","display_name":"John Grundy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4928-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Grundy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4928-7076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034792852","display_name":"Aditya Ghose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6175-8726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Ghose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.856,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99449697,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8907293677330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.5351029634475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5067923665046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4961446225643158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-review","display_name":"Code review","score":0.4959157407283783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.47454342246055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.42278435826301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41787591576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.41538742184638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4093741476535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.355680912733078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3367578089237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.3124464452266693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8907293677330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.5351029634475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5067923665046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4961446225643158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.4959157407283783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.47454342246055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.42278435826301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41787591576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.41538742184638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4093741476535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.355680912733078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3367578089237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3124464452266693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2881961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2881961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.uow.edu.au:eispapers1-4628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers1/3602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400510","display_name":"Research Online (University of Wollongong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","host_organization_name":"University of Wollongong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.uow.edu.au:test2021-2040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/test2021/1031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400510","display_name":"Research Online (University of Wollongong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","host_organization_name":"University of Wollongong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Test Series for Scopus Harvesting 2021","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.deakin.edu.au:DU:30117103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401102","display_name":"Own your potential (DEAKIN)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","host_organization_name":"Deakin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/20782975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automatic_Feature_Learning_for_Predicting_Vulnerable_Software_Components/20782975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/20782975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automatic_Feature_Learning_for_Predicting_Vulnerable_Software_Components/20782975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526710119","https://openalex.org/W1563025380","https://openalex.org/W1581242383","https://openalex.org/W1655956671","https://openalex.org/W1771830246","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1988510359","https://openalex.org/W1989354793","https://openalex.org/W1994530392","https://openalex.org/W1997236144","https://openalex.org/W1997646511","https://openalex.org/W2004758929","https://openalex.org/W2017439596","https://openalex.org/W2018389835","https://openalex.org/W2043837581","https://openalex.org/W2046830558","https://openalex.org/W2054520963","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067148378","https://openalex.org/W2079753286","https://openalex.org/W2083878868","https://openalex.org/W2100310618","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2100945416","https://openalex.org/W2119871945","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2132887549","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2137789775","https://openalex.org/W2138204974","https://openalex.org/W2139855137","https://openalex.org/W2141703670","https://openalex.org/W2142403498","https://openalex.org/W2146338950","https://openalex.org/W2151666086","https://openalex.org/W2154398797","https://openalex.org/W2158744032","https://openalex.org/W2165747537","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2251803266","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2402619042","https://openalex.org/W2497764072","https://openalex.org/W2497841468","https://openalex.org/W2511803001","https://openalex.org/W2517094600","https://openalex.org/W2523437542","https://openalex.org/W2559874352","https://openalex.org/W2575109289","https://openalex.org/W2605202003","https://openalex.org/W2767986122","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963235525","https://openalex.org/W3146720657","https://openalex.org/W4245415816","https://openalex.org/W6671236358","https://openalex.org/W6674712254","https://openalex.org/W6680106237","https://openalex.org/W6723530060","https://openalex.org/W6732017966","https://openalex.org/W6736413285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2969257295","https://openalex.org/W3006945192","https://openalex.org/W2904997879","https://openalex.org/W3049398420","https://openalex.org/W1976804602","https://openalex.org/W2390554102","https://openalex.org/W2909969119","https://openalex.org/W656101134","https://openalex.org/W3135060008","https://openalex.org/W1990888989"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"flaws":[1],"or":[2,60],"vulnerabilities":[3,43],"are":[4],"prevalent":[5],"in":[6,44,81],"software":[7],"systems":[8],"and":[9,22,34,86,124,135,167],"can":[10],"potentially":[11,71],"cause":[12],"a":[13,105],"variety":[14,26],"of":[15,27,40,49,62,69,89,127,157],"problems":[16],"including":[17],"deadlock,":[18],"hacking,":[19],"information":[20],"loss":[21],"system":[23],"failure.":[24],"A":[25],"approaches":[28],"have":[29],"been":[30],"developed":[31],"to":[32,74,119],"try":[33],"detect":[35],"the":[36,67,70,110,136,141,158],"most":[37],"likely":[38],"locations":[39],"such":[41],"code":[42,46,55,63,73],"large":[45],"bases.":[47],"Most":[48],"them":[50],"rely":[51],"on":[52,131],"manually":[53],"designing":[54],"features":[56,126,148],"(e.g.,":[57],"complexity":[58],"metrics":[59],"frequencies":[61],"tokens)":[64],"that":[65,140],"represent":[66],"characteristics":[68],"problematic":[72],"locate.":[75],"However,":[76],"all":[77],"suffer":[78],"from":[79,145],"challenges":[80],"sufficiently":[82],"capturing":[83],"both":[84,122,164],"semantic":[85,123],"syntactic":[87,125],"representation":[88],"source":[90],"code,":[91],"an":[92],"important":[93],"capability":[94],"for":[95,163],"building":[96],"accurate":[97],"prediction":[98,142,161,166],"models.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"paper,":[102],"we":[103],"describe":[104],"new":[106],"approach,":[107],"built":[108],"upon":[109],"powerful":[111],"deep":[112],"learning":[113],"Long":[114],"Short":[115],"Term":[116],"Memory":[117],"model,":[118],"automatically":[120],"learn":[121],"code.":[128],"Our":[129],"evaluation":[130],"18":[132],"Android":[133],"applications":[134],"Firefox":[137],"application":[138],"demonstrates":[139],"power":[143],"obtained":[144],"our":[146],"learned":[147],"is":[149,153],"better":[150],"than":[151],"what":[152],"achieved":[154],"by":[155],"state":[156],"art":[159],"vulnerability":[160],"models,":[162],"within-project":[165],"cross-project":[168],"prediction.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}