{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898435572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2877612","title":"Deep Semantic Feature Learning for Software Defect Prediction","display_name":"Deep Semantic Feature Learning for Software Defect Prediction","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898435572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2877612","mag":"2898435572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2877612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2877612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326213","display_name":"Song Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-5717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-5717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080441291","display_name":"Taiyue Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taiyue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000308912","display_name":"Jaechang Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-2185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113825674","display_name":"Handong Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/00txhkt32","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113825674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaechang Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea","University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-2185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113825674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009306083","display_name":"Lin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9400-1754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.9254,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":317,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9968215,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"12","first_page":"1267","last_page":"1293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8681985139846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.7140249609947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.570472240447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5579083561897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5236127972602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.498765230178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.47155141830444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-gap","display_name":"Semantic gap","score":0.4132024347782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4093167185783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35681647062301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23915427923202515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8681985139846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.7140249609947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.570472240447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5579083561897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5236127972602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.498765230178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.47155141830444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86034646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474311","display_name":"Semantic gap","level":4,"score":0.4132024347782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4093167185783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35681647062301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23915427923202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2877612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2877612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4312808097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1C1B6001919","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76990466","https://openalex.org/W1536013949","https://openalex.org/W1545528966","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1586072269","https://openalex.org/W1622676895","https://openalex.org/W1655956671","https://openalex.org/W1785944873","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1902482618","https://openalex.org/W1951216520","https://openalex.org/W1964062576","https://openalex.org/W1964812476","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1968652658","https://openalex.org/W1978859404","https://openalex.org/W1981109290","https://openalex.org/W1988510359","https://openalex.org/W1993882792","https://openalex.org/W1994493193","https://openalex.org/W1997841190","https://openalex.org/W2001496424","https://openalex.org/W2007705030","https://openalex.org/W2016106187","https://openalex.org/W2018389835","https://openalex.org/W2025700486","https://openalex.org/W2027806980","https://openalex.org/W2031770898","https://openalex.org/W2033418259","https://openalex.org/W2037691959","https://openalex.org/W2039316517","https://openalex.org/W2040900804","https://openalex.org/W2041496338","https://openalex.org/W2046830558","https://openalex.org/W2061019658","https://openalex.org/W2064104165","https://openalex.org/W2067490448","https://openalex.org/W2069268700","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2072785870","https://openalex.org/W2072858195","https://openalex.org/W2074218040","https://openalex.org/W2074636452","https://openalex.org/W2097283422","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2100945416","https://openalex.org/W2101227285","https://openalex.org/W2104364184","https://openalex.org/W2104789242","https://openalex.org/W2105300539","https://openalex.org/W2106615747","https://openalex.org/W2107277166","https://openalex.org/W2107672258","https://openalex.org/W2110889728","https://openalex.org/W2111421634","https://openalex.org/W2112708109","https://openalex.org/W2115403315","https://openalex.org/W2116110050","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2126166995","https://openalex.org/W2128782367","https://openalex.org/W2131462252","https://openalex.org/W2132254251","https://openalex.org/W2132887549","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2136322288","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2138900513","https://openalex.org/W2141125852","https://openalex.org/W2142481192","https://openalex.org/W2143189463","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2143861926","https://openalex.org/W2144177913","https://openalex.org/W2147386665","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2149014999","https://openalex.org/W2150874999","https://openalex.org/W2151553346","https://openalex.org/W2154071459","https://openalex.org/W2157353183","https://openalex.org/W2158744032","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2160528879","https://openalex.org/W2160958420","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166692380","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2170207476","https://openalex.org/W2172232422","https://openalex.org/W2242800359","https://openalex.org/W2249980257","https://openalex.org/W2276400542","https://openalex.org/W2282866165","https://openalex.org/W2312398278","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2385483600","https://openalex.org/W2394932179","https://openalex.org/W2401655854","https://openalex.org/W2402619042","https://openalex.org/W2408181256","https://openalex.org/W2417695920","https://openalex.org/W2474835145","https://openalex.org/W2498276117","https://openalex.org/W2513738415","https://openalex.org/W2606150376","https://openalex.org/W2606347107","https://openalex.org/W2618735982","https://openalex.org/W2725032736","https://openalex.org/W2731935965","https://openalex.org/W2740565296","https://openalex.org/W2767717989","https://openalex.org/W2794601162","https://openalex.org/W2913932916","https://openalex.org/W2963371736","https://openalex.org/W3005855585","https://openalex.org/W3098598077","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W4206600618","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4233479913","https://openalex.org/W4236586490","https://openalex.org/W4238859253","https://openalex.org/W4243379839","https://openalex.org/W4245415816","https://openalex.org/W6632002907","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6640820311","https://openalex.org/W6667573648","https://openalex.org/W6674712254","https://openalex.org/W6679224782","https://openalex.org/W6680720602","https://openalex.org/W6682682750","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6695202613","https://openalex.org/W6711962127","https://openalex.org/W6717121354","https://openalex.org/W6736923733","https://openalex.org/W6758860047"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2750434199","https://openalex.org/W2347374138","https://openalex.org/W2129428289","https://openalex.org/W2050635624","https://openalex.org/W2101447046","https://openalex.org/W2091753323","https://openalex.org/W2168037874","https://openalex.org/W2078285696","https://openalex.org/W2135728080","https://openalex.org/W2905216489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"defect":[1,20,69,122,131,144,150,155,160,166,171,187,212,223,234,246],"prediction,":[2,213,224,235],"which":[3],"predicts":[4],"defective":[5],"code":[6,91,94,127],"regions,":[7],"can":[8,182],"assist":[9],"developers":[10],"in":[11,53],"finding":[12],"bugs":[13],"and":[14,68,93,125,152,157,168,236],"prioritizing":[15],"their":[16],"testing":[17],"efforts.":[18],"Traditional":[19],"prediction":[21,39,60,70,123,132,145,151,161,167,188],"features":[22,108,181,195,199],"often":[23],"fail":[24],"to":[25,49,57,81,104,205,216,227,239],"capture":[26,50],"the":[27,35,38,47,51,64,83,114,136,178,185,191],"semantic":[28,84,107,180,194],"differences":[29],"between":[30,66],"different":[31],"programs.":[32],"This":[33],"degrades":[34],"performance":[36],"of":[37,86,138,193],"models":[40],"built":[41],"on":[42,141],"these":[43],"traditional":[44,198],"features.":[45],"Thus,":[46],"capability":[48],"semantics":[52,67],"programs":[54,87],"is":[55],"required":[56],"build":[58],"accurate":[59],"models.":[61],"To":[62],"bridge":[63],"gap":[65],"features,":[71],"we":[72,97],"propose":[73],"leveraging":[74],"a":[75,99],"powerful":[76],"representation-learning":[77],"algorithm,":[78],"deep":[79,100],"learning,":[80],"learn":[82,106],"representations":[85],"automatically":[88,105],"from":[89,113,203,214,225,237],"source":[90,126],"files":[92],"changes.":[95],"Specifically,":[96,190],"leverage":[98],"belief":[101],"network":[102],"(DBN)":[103],"using":[109],"token":[110],"vectors":[111],"extracted":[112],"programs'":[115],"abstract":[116],"syntax":[117],"trees":[118],"(AST)":[119],"(for":[120,129],"file-level":[121,143,148,153,210,221],"models)":[124],"changes":[128],"change-level":[130,159,164,169,232,244],"models).":[133],"We":[134],"examine":[135],"effectiveness":[137],"our":[139],"approach":[140],"two":[142,158],"tasks":[146,162],"(i.e.,":[147,163],"within-project":[149,165,211,233],"cross-project":[154,170,222,245],"prediction)":[156],"prediction).":[172],"Our":[173],"experimental":[174],"results":[175],"indicate":[176],"that":[177],"DBN-based":[179],"significantly":[183],"improve":[184],"examined":[186],"tasks.":[189],"improvements":[192],"against":[196],"existing":[197],"(in":[200],"F1)":[201],"range":[202],"2.1":[204],"41.9":[206],"percentage":[207,218,229,241],"points":[208,219,230,242],"for":[209,220,231,243],"1.5":[215],"13.4":[217],"1.0":[226],"8.6":[228],"0.6":[238],"9.9":[240],"prediction.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
