{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941714792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2863303","title":"A Look into Programmers\u2019 Heads","display_name":"A Look into Programmers\u2019 Heads","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941714792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2863303","mag":"2941714792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2863303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2863303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003549377","display_name":"Norman Peitek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-4558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Norman Peitek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Janet Siegmund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-266X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janet Siegmund","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054951840","display_name":"Sven Apel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-2233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Apel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067467896","display_name":"Christian K\u00e4stner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4450-4572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Kastner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024034818","display_name":"Chris Parnin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6182-815X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801313472","display_name":"North Central State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6b6f76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Parnin","raw_affiliation_strings":["NC State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NC State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025141336","display_name":"Anja Bethmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anja Bethmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086853013","display_name":"Thomas Leich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7728"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Leich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Metop Research Institute, Magdeburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Metop Research Institute, Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042946019","display_name":"Gunter Saake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9576-8474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138551","display_name":"University Hospital Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03m04df46","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138551"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunter Saake","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138551"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andre Brechmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-0840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Brechmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003549377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98542535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"4","first_page":"442","last_page":"462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8534419536590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.8012663722038269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.785094141960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.6888096928596497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5322563052177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.510880172252655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.4373822510242462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4286927878856659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3825526833534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3769068717956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2501068711280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.123503178358078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1180872917175293}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8534419536590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.8012663722038269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.785094141960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6888096928596497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5322563052177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.510880172252655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4373822510242462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4286927878856659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3825526833534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3769068717956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2501068711280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.123503178358078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1180872917175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2863303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2018.2863303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3305415900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1552944","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4511409933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1318808","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6230673478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1755762","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505648523","https://openalex.org/W1522533449","https://openalex.org/W1553855647","https://openalex.org/W1559852210","https://openalex.org/W1607939528","https://openalex.org/W1711093554","https://openalex.org/W1759646395","https://openalex.org/W1963589947","https://openalex.org/W1963609888","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1966585167","https://openalex.org/W1968344406","https://openalex.org/W1971492330","https://openalex.org/W1973204205","https://openalex.org/W1979836908","https://openalex.org/W1980280519","https://openalex.org/W1982352919","https://openalex.org/W1982864902","https://openalex.org/W1988876580","https://openalex.org/W1994184572","https://openalex.org/W1999754648","https://openalex.org/W2011039836","https://openalex.org/W2014208988","https://openalex.org/W2014232144","https://openalex.org/W2014243053","https://openalex.org/W2017282642","https://openalex.org/W2024625992","https://openalex.org/W2030087375","https://openalex.org/W2032093621","https://openalex.org/W2034078727","https://openalex.org/W2040710054","https://openalex.org/W2041580900","https://openalex.org/W2047805786","https://openalex.org/W2050187629","https://openalex.org/W2052063636","https://openalex.org/W2058969248","https://openalex.org/W2088808770","https://openalex.org/W2089251527","https://openalex.org/W2089708354","https://openalex.org/W2090458041","https://openalex.org/W2092349198","https://openalex.org/W2096299001","https://openalex.org/W2097266456","https://openalex.org/W2098344436","https://openalex.org/W2099549454","https://openalex.org/W2099657175","https://openalex.org/W2103450302","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2112891119","https://openalex.org/W2116595917","https://openalex.org/W2118560750","https://openalex.org/W2121723878","https://openalex.org/W2125711977","https://openalex.org/W2126919482","https://openalex.org/W2128254467","https://openalex.org/W2128333388","https://openalex.org/W2133492826","https://openalex.org/W2134248637","https://openalex.org/W2135070219","https://openalex.org/W2135335872","https://openalex.org/W2136022845","https://openalex.org/W2138661194","https://openalex.org/W2139700678","https://openalex.org/W2143206534","https://openalex.org/W2147306438","https://openalex.org/W2150009200","https://openalex.org/W2150429773","https://openalex.org/W2150673354","https://openalex.org/W2151433332","https://openalex.org/W2153705299","https://openalex.org/W2154281919","https://openalex.org/W2157587268","https://openalex.org/W2158446792","https://openalex.org/W2162010696","https://openalex.org/W2163254754","https://openalex.org/W2164051460","https://openalex.org/W2167439013","https://openalex.org/W2168797142","https://openalex.org/W2169605136","https://openalex.org/W2170777750","https://openalex.org/W2170985506","https://openalex.org/W2171002355","https://openalex.org/W2171543648","https://openalex.org/W2174068427","https://openalex.org/W2319937903","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2501682163","https://openalex.org/W2560572048","https://openalex.org/W2563587725","https://openalex.org/W2577973227","https://openalex.org/W2616911396","https://openalex.org/W2741371834","https://openalex.org/W2749460454","https://openalex.org/W2800092803","https://openalex.org/W2806398338","https://openalex.org/W2810705494","https://openalex.org/W2883338005","https://openalex.org/W2884368433","https://openalex.org/W2895073034","https://openalex.org/W3127214336","https://openalex.org/W3149666682","https://openalex.org/W4206656355","https://openalex.org/W4237831168","https://openalex.org/W4247877628","https://openalex.org/W4249495886","https://openalex.org/W4249833437","https://openalex.org/W4253761548","https://openalex.org/W4254691308","https://openalex.org/W6653818868","https://openalex.org/W6676156825","https://openalex.org/W6732187382","https://openalex.org/W6750932470","https://openalex.org/W6752706889","https://openalex.org/W6793121992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2724855087","https://openalex.org/W2954615856","https://openalex.org/W1508879959","https://openalex.org/W2037906140","https://openalex.org/W2123179197","https://openalex.org/W3091612339","https://openalex.org/W1988021859","https://openalex.org/W1995506819","https://openalex.org/W2004832663","https://openalex.org/W2110798500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Program":[0],"comprehension":[1],"is":[2,40],"an":[3,55,185],"important,":[4],"but":[5],"hard":[6],"to":[7,15,24,78,89,159,162,183],"measure":[8],"cognitive":[9,107,125],"process.":[10],"This":[11],"makes":[12],"it":[13],"difficult":[14],"provide":[16],"suitable":[17],"programming":[18,122],"languages,":[19],"tools,":[20],"or":[21],"coding":[22],"conventions":[23],"support":[25],"developers":[26],"in":[27,100,133,166],"their":[28],"everyday":[29],"work.":[30],"Here,":[31],"we":[32,50,96,139,176,180],"explore":[33],"whether":[34],"functional":[35],"magnetic":[36],"resonance":[37],"imaging":[38],"(fMRI)":[39],"feasible":[41],"for":[42,110,195],"soundly":[43],"measuring":[44],"program":[45,93,111,128,196],"comprehension.":[46,94,112,129],"To":[47,130],"this":[48],"end,":[49],"observed":[51,115],"17":[52],"participants":[53,146],"inside":[54],"fMRI":[56,161],"scanner":[57],"while":[58],"they":[59],"were":[60],"comprehending":[61],"source":[62],"code.":[63],"The":[64],"results":[65,135,153],"show":[66],"a":[67],"clear,":[68],"distinct":[69],"activation":[70],"of":[71,92],"five":[72],"brain":[73],"regions,":[74],"which":[75,85],"are":[76,190],"related":[77],"working":[79],"memory,":[80],"attention,":[81],"and":[82,136,147,193],"language":[83,123],"processing,":[84],"all":[86],"fit":[87],"well":[88],"our":[90,150],"understanding":[91],"Furthermore,":[95],"found":[97],"reduced":[98,124],"activity":[99],"the":[101,106,134,137,141,167],"default":[102],"mode":[103],"network,":[104],"indicating":[105],"effort":[108,126],"necessary":[109],"We":[113],"also":[114],"that":[116],"familiarity":[117],"with":[118,143],"Java":[119],"as":[120],"underlying":[121],"during":[127],"gain":[131],"confidence":[132],"method,":[138],"replicated":[140],"study":[142],"11":[144],"new":[145,191],"largely":[148],"confirmed":[149],"findings.":[151],"Our":[152],"encourage":[154],"us":[155],"and,":[156,165],"hopefully,":[157],"others":[158],"use":[160],"observe":[163],"programmers":[164],"long":[168],"run,":[169],"answer":[170],"questions,":[171],"such":[172],"as:":[173],"How":[174,188],"should":[175],"train":[177,181],"programmers?":[178],"Can":[179],"someone":[182],"become":[184],"excellent":[186],"programmer?":[187],"effective":[189],"languages":[192],"tools":[194],"comprehension?":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
