{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2738662416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2017.2729548","title":"A Comparison of Program Comprehension Strategies by Blind and Sighted Programmers","display_name":"A Comparison of Program Comprehension Strategies by Blind and Sighted Programmers","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2738662416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2017.2729548","mag":"2738662416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2017.2729548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2017.2729548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088248578","display_name":"Ameer Armaly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7296-4779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ameer Armaly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080198395","display_name":"Paige Rodeghero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3859-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paige Rodeghero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084874990","display_name":"Collin McMillan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0887-1083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Collin McMillan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088248578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9018,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92596555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"8","first_page":"712","last_page":"724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8597867488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.8504148721694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-reader","display_name":"Screen reader","score":0.6738542914390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5851057767868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.5722503662109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.5516404509544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5484186410903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5173477530479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4663025438785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4629868268966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.4570472538471222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-code","display_name":"Program code","score":0.4119575619697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance","display_name":"Software maintenance","score":0.4105222523212433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3685663938522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3640051484107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3350195586681366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.225539892911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.20995348691940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visually-impaired","display_name":"Visually impaired","score":0.13500520586967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12508800625801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11852186918258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07432025671005249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8597867488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.8504148721694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328864","display_name":"Screen reader","level":3,"score":0.6738542914390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5851057767868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.5722503662109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.5516404509544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5484186410903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5173477530479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4663025438785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4629868268966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4570472538471222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988963302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629206","display_name":"Program code","level":2,"score":0.4119575619697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101317890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053","display_name":"Software maintenance","level":4,"score":0.4105222523212433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3685663938522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3640051484107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3350195586681366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.225539892911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.20995348691940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.13500520586967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12508800625801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11852186918258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07432025671005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2017.2729548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2017.2729548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116604517","https://openalex.org/W1806889067","https://openalex.org/W1971359048","https://openalex.org/W1982355305","https://openalex.org/W1986541713","https://openalex.org/W1989112655","https://openalex.org/W1995487812","https://openalex.org/W2001033929","https://openalex.org/W2001258366","https://openalex.org/W2013788150","https://openalex.org/W2022557060","https://openalex.org/W2026608875","https://openalex.org/W2031043538","https://openalex.org/W2031677075","https://openalex.org/W2085710993","https://openalex.org/W2087378266","https://openalex.org/W2090671048","https://openalex.org/W2091229333","https://openalex.org/W2099706779","https://openalex.org/W2112351052","https://openalex.org/W2113610359","https://openalex.org/W2128823042","https://openalex.org/W2128990852","https://openalex.org/W2133333349","https://openalex.org/W2142190098","https://openalex.org/W2142391150","https://openalex.org/W2144901116","https://openalex.org/W2147140044","https://openalex.org/W2148357053","https://openalex.org/W2151406162","https://openalex.org/W2151996389","https://openalex.org/W2157148654","https://openalex.org/W2161847731","https://openalex.org/W2162363818","https://openalex.org/W2163110363","https://openalex.org/W2180107243","https://openalex.org/W2324156403","https://openalex.org/W2396061763","https://openalex.org/W2400116430","https://openalex.org/W3150176278","https://openalex.org/W4231105734","https://openalex.org/W4242697562","https://openalex.org/W4249658983","https://openalex.org/W6604728178","https://openalex.org/W6634188287","https://openalex.org/W6685492122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765394967","https://openalex.org/W2164913793","https://openalex.org/W2094595170","https://openalex.org/W2886906914","https://openalex.org/W3142708836","https://openalex.org/W2125116336","https://openalex.org/W1593375320","https://openalex.org/W3144196629","https://openalex.org/W2125480321","https://openalex.org/W2025893091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Programmers":[0],"who":[1,34],"are":[2,66],"blind":[3,103,111],"use":[4],"a":[5,15],"screen":[6],"reader":[7],"to":[8,31,85],"speak":[9],"source":[10,36],"code":[11,20,37],"one":[12],"word":[13],"at":[14],"time,":[16],"as":[17],"though":[18],"the":[19,49,57,73,79,99,135],"were":[21],"text.":[22],"This":[23],"process":[24],"of":[25,75,81,102,122,132],"reading":[26,62,116,137],"is":[27,45],"in":[28,51],"stark":[29],"contrast":[30],"sighted":[32,105,113],"programmers,":[33],"skim":[35],"rapidly":[38],"with":[39,87],"their":[40],"eyes.":[41],"At":[42],"present,":[43],"it":[44],"not":[46],"known":[47],"whether":[48],"difference":[50],"these":[52],"processes":[53],"has":[54],"effects":[55,65],"on":[56],"program":[58,100],"comprehension":[59,101],"gained":[60],"from":[61],"code.":[63,123],"These":[64],"important":[67],"because":[68],"they":[69],"could":[70],"reduce":[71],"both":[72,110],"usefulness":[74],"accessibility":[76],"tools":[77],"and":[78,104,112,129],"generalizability":[80],"software":[82],"engineering":[83],"studies":[84],"persons":[86],"low":[88],"vision.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"paper,":[92],"we":[93],"present":[94],"an":[95,127],"empirical":[96],"study":[97],"comparing":[98],"programmers.":[106],"We":[107],"found":[108],"that":[109],"programmers":[114],"prioritize":[115],"method":[117],"signatures":[118],"over":[119],"other":[120],"areas":[121],"Both":[124],"groups":[125],"obtained":[126],"equal":[128],"high":[130],"degree":[131],"comprehension,":[133],"despite":[134],"different":[136],"processes.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
