{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139666195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","title":"Safer User Interfaces: A Case Study in Improving Number Entry","display_name":"Safer User Interfaces: A Case Study in Improving Number Entry","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139666195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","mag":"2139666195"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/7156214/06991548.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/7156214/06991548.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000705557","display_name":"Harold Thimbleby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-4243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harold Thimbleby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 0SF, Wales, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 0SF, Wales, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000705557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":1546,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1667},"fwci":3.8909,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93694383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"7","first_page":"711","last_page":"729"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8568199872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.8231878280639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependability","display_name":"Dependability","score":0.7011876106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.5402516722679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface-design","display_name":"User interface design","score":0.5307604670524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4635647237300873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.46007993817329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-experience-design","display_name":"User experience design","score":0.37655797600746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.353482723236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.33060500025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1399732232093811}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8568199872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.8231878280639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77019957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2689057","display_name":"Dependability","level":2,"score":0.7011876106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.5402516722679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149229913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135707","display_name":"User interface design","level":3,"score":0.5307604670524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4635647237300873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.46007993817329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.37655797600746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.353482723236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33060500025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1399732232093811}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/7156214/06991548.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cronfa.swan.ac.uk:cronfa26037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa26037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401612","display_name":"Cronfa (Swansea University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","host_organization_name":"Swansea University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2014.2383396","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/32/7156214/06991548.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2288342193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G059063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3493954413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K504002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3840505892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L019272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8644809716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L019272/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2139666195.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2139666195.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94211480","https://openalex.org/W165544800","https://openalex.org/W182493965","https://openalex.org/W1499705153","https://openalex.org/W1501879562","https://openalex.org/W1520563452","https://openalex.org/W1532735774","https://openalex.org/W1540356090","https://openalex.org/W1584053331","https://openalex.org/W1959794522","https://openalex.org/W1963539921","https://openalex.org/W1980333147","https://openalex.org/W1985630013","https://openalex.org/W1996917338","https://openalex.org/W1999296548","https://openalex.org/W2007617851","https://openalex.org/W2015696409","https://openalex.org/W2020584411","https://openalex.org/W2025802550","https://openalex.org/W2028691633","https://openalex.org/W2042030875","https://openalex.org/W2051784924","https://openalex.org/W2057969163","https://openalex.org/W2077430355","https://openalex.org/W2103953153","https://openalex.org/W2118298641","https://openalex.org/W2124517782","https://openalex.org/W2126021139","https://openalex.org/W2144973245","https://openalex.org/W2149147658","https://openalex.org/W2149904862","https://openalex.org/W2158941924","https://openalex.org/W2166961528","https://openalex.org/W2183814336","https://openalex.org/W2187081676","https://openalex.org/W2308184258","https://openalex.org/W2333018025","https://openalex.org/W2497897556","https://openalex.org/W2607631107","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W3146075203","https://openalex.org/W4210651582","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6603855341","https://openalex.org/W6686494236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048212026","https://openalex.org/W2893969762","https://openalex.org/W3216880090","https://openalex.org/W145924344","https://openalex.org/W317925544","https://openalex.org/W2625060503","https://openalex.org/W2472841412","https://openalex.org/W2751424329","https://openalex.org/W2587807604","https://openalex.org/W2562776005"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numbers":[0],"are":[1,105,113,120],"used":[2],"in":[3,13,23],"critical":[4,108],"applications,":[5],"including":[6],"finance,":[7],"healthcare,":[8],"aviation,":[9],"and":[10,35,69,76,123,133],"of":[11,16,85],"course":[12],"every":[14],"aspect":[15],"computing.":[17],"User":[18,118],"interfaces":[19,119],"for":[20,67,107,140],"number":[21,74,143],"entry":[22,75,144],"many":[24,138],"devices":[25,77],"(calculators,":[26],"spreadsheets,":[27],"infusion":[28],"pumps,":[29],"mobile":[30],"phones,":[31],"etc.)":[32],"have":[33,81],"bugs":[34],"design":[36,71,97,132],"defects":[37,98],"that":[38,43,101],"induce":[39],"unnecessary":[40],"use":[41,53],"errors":[42],"compromise":[44],"their":[45,130],"dependability.":[46],"Focusing":[47],"on":[48],"Arabic":[49],"key":[50],"interfaces,":[51],"which":[52],"digit":[54],"keys":[55],"0-9-\u00b7":[56],"usually":[57],"augmented":[58],"with":[59],"correction":[60],"keys,":[61],"this":[62],"paper":[63,136],"introduces":[64],"a":[65],"method":[66],"formalising":[68],"managing":[70],"problems.":[72],"Since":[73],"such":[78],"as":[79],"calculators":[80],"been":[82],"the":[83,93,95],"subject":[84],"extensive":[86],"user":[87,102,145],"interface":[88],"research":[89],"since":[90],"at":[91],"least":[92],"1980s,":[94],"diverse":[96],"uncovered":[99],"imply":[100],"evaluation":[103],"methodologies":[104],"insufficient":[106],"applications.":[109],"Likewise,":[110],"formal":[111],"methods":[112],"not":[114,121],"being":[115],"applied":[116],"effectively.":[117],"trivial":[122],"more":[124],"attention":[125],"should":[126],"be":[127],"paid":[128],"to":[129],"correct":[131],"implementation.":[134],"The":[135],"includes":[137],"recommendations":[139],"designing":[141],"safer":[142],"interfaces.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
