{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167514255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1205177","title":"An empirical study of speed and communication in globally distributed software development","display_name":"An empirical study of speed and communication in globally distributed software development","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167514255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1205177","mag":"2167514255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2003.1205177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1205177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056032814","display_name":"James D. Herbsleb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7159-7524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J.D. Herbsleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA","School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067199285","display_name":"Audris Mockus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-7598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137298","display_name":"Avaya (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/041vyyf82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mockus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Avaya Laboratories Research, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Avaya Laboratories Research, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137298"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056032814"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":88.8491,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":985,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99916911,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"481","last_page":"494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7999218702316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.7121666669845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-development","display_name":"Distributed development","score":0.6848964095115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.529848575592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.5218045711517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5217776894569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4552915692329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41271206736564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4109497368335724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3423486351966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.33132994174957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24615922570228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09795883297920227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7999218702316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.7121666669845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781421246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283148","display_name":"Distributed development","level":4,"score":0.6848964095115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.529848575592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.5218045711517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5217776894569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4552915692329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41271206736564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4109497368335724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3423486351966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33132994174957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24615922570228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09795883297920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2003.1205177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1205177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.110.4806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.110.4806","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://conway.isri.cmu.edu/~jdh/collaboratory/research_papers/TSE-2003.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.178.4032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.178.4032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/%7Ejdh/web-pubs/pdfs/Herbsleb-Empirical-2003.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.324.3157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.324.3157","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.st.cs.uni-saarland.de/edu/empirical-se/2006/PDFs/herbsleb03.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.332.3078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.3078","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cin.ufpe.br/~in953/lectures/papers/AnEmpiricalStudyofSpeedandCommunicationinGloballyDistributedSoftwareDevelopment.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.474.7884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.474.7884","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.liacs.nl/~nikolov/StudSem1112/SE_Herbsleb2003.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63477783","https://openalex.org/W1494413412","https://openalex.org/W1527383531","https://openalex.org/W1553954202","https://openalex.org/W1598208848","https://openalex.org/W1757444011","https://openalex.org/W1966417345","https://openalex.org/W1975362707","https://openalex.org/W1976822601","https://openalex.org/W1979465005","https://openalex.org/W1993867899","https://openalex.org/W2002150041","https://openalex.org/W2004120230","https://openalex.org/W2007705030","https://openalex.org/W2015440464","https://openalex.org/W2037106942","https://openalex.org/W2037390419","https://openalex.org/W2038408871","https://openalex.org/W2045571829","https://openalex.org/W2058638038","https://openalex.org/W2064054441","https://openalex.org/W2086330589","https://openalex.org/W2096894832","https://openalex.org/W2099332975","https://openalex.org/W2104581822","https://openalex.org/W2108188807","https://openalex.org/W2123586642","https://openalex.org/W2127841983","https://openalex.org/W2134119432","https://openalex.org/W2134875098","https://openalex.org/W2141101288","https://openalex.org/W2141620890","https://openalex.org/W2144421702","https://openalex.org/W2151191515","https://openalex.org/W2156055852","https://openalex.org/W2157021819","https://openalex.org/W2164519300","https://openalex.org/W2164745490","https://openalex.org/W2167826316","https://openalex.org/W2322808536","https://openalex.org/W2983136877","https://openalex.org/W2983995785","https://openalex.org/W3148527572","https://openalex.org/W4205563404","https://openalex.org/W4230428971","https://openalex.org/W4240786061","https://openalex.org/W4250329985","https://openalex.org/W4254035583","https://openalex.org/W6602546581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254851101","https://openalex.org/W3171007296","https://openalex.org/W2993977687","https://openalex.org/W1521443826","https://openalex.org/W1540871683","https://openalex.org/W937631346","https://openalex.org/W2504924745","https://openalex.org/W2041798199","https://openalex.org/W4211055703","https://openalex.org/W2189608013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"software":[1,52,202],"development":[2,17,20,53],"is":[3,66,90,120],"rapidly":[4],"becoming":[5],"the":[6,34,45,88,99,115,124,134,196],"norm":[7],"for":[8,23,60,98,189,198],"technology":[9,193],"companies.":[10],"Previous":[11],"qualitative":[12],"research":[13],"suggests":[14],"that":[15,67,102,177,194],"distributed":[16,51,68,103,165,174,201],"may":[18,178],"increase":[19],"cycle":[21],"time":[22,126],"individual":[24],"work":[25,69,89,104,112,130],"items":[26,70,85,105],"(modification":[27],"requests).":[28],"We":[29,132,155,183],"use":[30],"both":[31],"data":[32,42,93,138],"from":[33],"source":[35],"code":[36],"change":[37,137],"management":[38],"system":[39],"and":[40,55,76,114,147,150,164,191],"survey":[41,158],"to":[43,72,81,123,127,181],"model":[44],"extent":[46],"of":[47,117,136,173,186],"delay":[48],"in":[49,139],"a":[50,96,129,140,144],"organization":[54,142],"explore":[56],"several":[57,169],"possible":[58],"mechanisms":[59],"this":[61],"delay.":[62,182],"One":[63],"key":[64],"finding":[65],"appear":[71],"take":[73],"about":[74,171],"two":[75],"one-half":[77],"times":[78],"as":[79,83],"long":[80],"complete":[82,128],"similar":[84],"where":[86],"all":[87],"colocated.":[91],"The":[92],"strongly":[94,121],"suggest":[95],"mechanism":[97],"delay,":[100],"i.e.,":[101],"involve":[106],"more":[107],"people":[108,118],"than":[109],"comparable":[110],"same-site":[111,163],"items,":[113],"number":[116],"involved":[119],"related":[122,180],"calendar":[125],"item.":[131],"replicate":[133],"analysis":[135],"different":[141,145,148],"with":[143],"product":[146],"sites":[149],"confirm":[151],"our":[152,187],"main":[153],"findings.":[154],"also":[156],"report":[157],"results":[159],"showing":[160],"differences":[161],"between":[162],"social":[166,175],"networks,":[167],"testing":[168],"hypotheses":[170],"characteristics":[172],"networks":[176],"be":[179],"discuss":[184],"implications":[185],"findings":[188],"practices":[190],"collaboration":[192],"have":[195],"potential":[197],"dramatically":[199],"speeding":[200],"development.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":81}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}