{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2164404425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191798","title":"Estimating bounds on the reliability of diverse systems","display_name":"Estimating bounds on the reliability of diverse systems","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2164404425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191798","mag":"2164404425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2003.1191798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076873745","display_name":"Peter Popov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3434-5272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. Popov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006324486","display_name":"Lorenzo Strigini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-2866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Strigini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022086971","display_name":"John H R May","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1665-5960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. May","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018425016","display_name":"Silke Kuball","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Kuball","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Systems Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076873745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3485,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92575894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"345","last_page":"359"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7807552218437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.7008934020996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5753631591796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5054826736450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.5031096339225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.47414085268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-theory","display_name":"Reliability theory","score":0.420723021030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3786204159259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3753066062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3413209021091461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2612799406051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-rate","display_name":"Failure rate","score":0.21832755208015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12588059902191162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7807552218437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.7008934020996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5753631591796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5054826736450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.5031096339225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47414085268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201729545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability theory","level":3,"score":0.420723021030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3786204159259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3753066062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3413209021091461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2612799406051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163164238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737027","display_name":"Failure rate","level":2,"score":0.21832755208015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12588059902191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2003.1191798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/f9a000a4-e510-4fa4-b10c-217255442f2d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/f9a000a4-e510-4fa4-b10c-217255442f2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Popov, P, Strigini, L, May, JHR & Kuball, IS 2003, 'Estimating bounds on the reliability of diverse systems', IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 29 (4), pp. 345 - 359. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2003.1191798","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.26.7792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.26.7792","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.csr.city.ac.uk/people/peter.popov/papers/ftcs98/FTCS_TSE.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80275550","https://openalex.org/W98171137","https://openalex.org/W266490974","https://openalex.org/W1508364205","https://openalex.org/W1565331622","https://openalex.org/W1601488688","https://openalex.org/W1971991620","https://openalex.org/W1981175981","https://openalex.org/W1990661547","https://openalex.org/W1999823724","https://openalex.org/W2001567088","https://openalex.org/W2038710499","https://openalex.org/W2092174002","https://openalex.org/W2106875495","https://openalex.org/W2108430504","https://openalex.org/W2119127526","https://openalex.org/W2129262519","https://openalex.org/W2135687303","https://openalex.org/W2141501487","https://openalex.org/W2153058141","https://openalex.org/W2156001934","https://openalex.org/W2159235462","https://openalex.org/W2164501290","https://openalex.org/W2166131357","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6603960032","https://openalex.org/W6630370629","https://openalex.org/W6676251249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022561886","https://openalex.org/W2130868914","https://openalex.org/W2021717084","https://openalex.org/W2349621666","https://openalex.org/W2803158971","https://openalex.org/W2012179256","https://openalex.org/W2157631060","https://openalex.org/W1527244756","https://openalex.org/W2341299535","https://openalex.org/W2092089120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,47,94,136],"address":[1],"the":[2,7,16,78,131,144,166,175,199,205,208,219],"difficult":[3],"problem":[4],"of":[5,9,18,23,29,43,59,63,65,98,103,109,133,169,174,202,204,210],"estimating":[6],"reliability":[8,105,141],"multiple-version":[10],"software.":[11],"The":[12,61],"central":[13,76,88],"issue":[14],"is":[15,75,182],"degree":[17],"statistical":[19],"dependence":[20,31],"between":[21,67,172,179],"failures":[22],"diverse":[24,114,146],"versions.":[25,46,60],"Previously":[26],"published":[27],"models":[28,80],"failure":[30,170,203],"described":[32],"what":[33],"behavior":[34],"could":[35],"be":[36,73,87],"expected":[37],"\"on":[38],"average\"":[39],"from":[40,117],"a":[41,56],"pair":[42,58],"\"independently":[44],"generated\"":[45],"focus":[48],"instead":[49],"on":[50,130],"predictions":[51],"using":[52],"specific":[53],"information":[54,155],"about":[55,143],"given":[57],"concept":[62],"\"variation":[64],"difficulty\"":[66],"situations":[68],"to":[69,77,86,139,148,188,198],"which":[70,213],"software":[71],"may":[72],"subject":[74],"previous":[79],"cited,":[81],"and":[82,106,125,152],"it":[83],"turns":[84],"out":[85],"for":[89,156],"our":[90],"question":[91],"as":[92],"well.":[93],"provide":[95],"new":[96],"understanding":[97],"various":[99],"alternative":[100],"imprecise":[101],"estimates":[102],"system":[104,134],"some":[107,186],"results":[108],"practical":[110],"use,":[111],"especially":[112],"with":[113,212],"systems":[115],"assembled":[116],"pre-existing":[118],"(e.g.,":[119],"\"off-the-shelf\")":[120],"subsystems.":[121],"System":[122],"designers,":[123],"users,":[124],"regulators":[126],"need":[127],"useful":[128,154],"bounds":[129,151,160,193],"probability":[132,201],"failure.":[135],"discuss":[137],"how":[138,165],"use":[140],"data":[142],"individual":[145],"versions":[147],"obtain":[149],"upper":[150,192],"other":[153],"decision":[157],"making.":[158],"These":[159],"are":[161,195,216],"greatly":[162],"affected":[163],"by":[164,207],"versions'":[167],"probabilities":[168],"vary":[171],"subdomains":[173],"demand":[176],"space":[177],"or":[178],"operating":[180],"regimes-it":[181],"even":[183],"possible":[184],"in":[185,218],"cases":[187],"demonstrate,":[189],"before":[190],"operation,":[191],"that":[194],"very":[196],"close":[197],"true":[200],"system-and":[206],"level":[209],"detail":[211],"these":[214],"variations":[215],"documented":[217],"data.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
