{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107643286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191795","title":"Empirical analysis of CK metrics for object-oriented design complexity: implications for software defects","display_name":"Empirical analysis of CK metrics for object-oriented design complexity: implications for software defects","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107643286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191795","mag":"2107643286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2003.1191795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044960371","display_name":"Ramanath Subramanyam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-3745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Subramanyam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","University of Michigan Business School, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Business School, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009912542","display_name":"Mayuram S. Krishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.S. Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","University of Michigan Business School, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Business School, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044960371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.6268,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":670,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99755663,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"297","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8215790390968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.6887500286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.6286870241165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.6109776496887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.5957932472229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.5459727644920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.4988436698913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46282678842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-sizing","display_name":"Software sizing","score":0.45779046416282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design","display_name":"Software design","score":0.4319901466369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3729868531227112}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8215790390968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.6887500286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.6286870241165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.6109776496887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.5957932472229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.5459727644920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.4988436698913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46282678842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201515116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554363","display_name":"Software sizing","level":5,"score":0.45779046416282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.4319901466369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3729868531227112}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2003.1191795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1191795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.455.1033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.455.1033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://maisqual.squoring.com/wiki/images/4/4f/Subramanyam_krishnan.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309652","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66570796","https://openalex.org/W76990466","https://openalex.org/W129305155","https://openalex.org/W209488640","https://openalex.org/W1482812300","https://openalex.org/W1485712391","https://openalex.org/W1505648523","https://openalex.org/W1549845304","https://openalex.org/W1599149477","https://openalex.org/W1754883368","https://openalex.org/W1856203234","https://openalex.org/W1946080619","https://openalex.org/W1953529280","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1978974356","https://openalex.org/W1984536024","https://openalex.org/W1986357279","https://openalex.org/W1990259865","https://openalex.org/W2001372775","https://openalex.org/W2015729052","https://openalex.org/W2047345132","https://openalex.org/W2048997388","https://openalex.org/W2054633247","https://openalex.org/W2066459581","https://openalex.org/W2081917329","https://openalex.org/W2099658949","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2110621571","https://openalex.org/W2111792336","https://openalex.org/W2115121100","https://openalex.org/W2117539536","https://openalex.org/W2121866145","https://openalex.org/W2134906666","https://openalex.org/W2135250985","https://openalex.org/W2137258107","https://openalex.org/W2139085711","https://openalex.org/W2145147745","https://openalex.org/W2152134143","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2159118518","https://openalex.org/W2160538621","https://openalex.org/W2734354981","https://openalex.org/W2796514099","https://openalex.org/W2986348978","https://openalex.org/W4206495155","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4232379621","https://openalex.org/W4245105903","https://openalex.org/W4247539568","https://openalex.org/W6602729356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078744341","https://openalex.org/W2068483578","https://openalex.org/W3016442572","https://openalex.org/W2182881874","https://openalex.org/W3014006153","https://openalex.org/W2035094897","https://openalex.org/W2041178519","https://openalex.org/W2140677443","https://openalex.org/W2031021105","https://openalex.org/W2187488199"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"produce":[1],"high":[2],"quality":[3,41],"object-oriented":[4],"(OO)":[5],"applications,":[6],"a":[7,61],"strong":[8],"emphasis":[9],"on":[10,80,123],"design":[11,33,57],"aspects,":[12],"especially":[13],"during":[14],"the":[15,53,64,101,104,118,127,149],"early":[16],"phases":[17],"of":[18,35,55,63,103,120],"software":[19,36,40,75,84,146],"development,":[20,94],"is":[21],"necessary.":[22],"Design":[23],"metrics":[24,107,122],"play":[25],"an":[26],"important":[27],"role":[28,54],"in":[29,73,86,92],"helping":[30],"developers":[31],"understand":[32],"aspects":[34],"and,":[37],"hence,":[38],"improve":[39],"and":[42,66,133],"developer":[43],"productivity.":[44],"In":[45,113],"this":[46],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,115],"provide":[49],"empirical":[50],"evidence":[51],"supporting":[52],"OO":[56,93,150],"complexity":[58],"metrics,":[59],"specifically":[60],"subset":[62],"Chidamber":[65],"Kemerer":[67],"(1991,":[68],"1994)":[69],"suite":[70],"(CK":[71],"metrics),":[72],"determining":[74],"defects.":[76,112],"Our":[77],"results,":[78],"based":[79],"industry":[81],"data":[82],"from":[83,129],"developed":[85],"two":[87,130],"popular":[88],"programming":[89,131],"languages":[90],"used":[91],"indicate":[95],"that,":[96],"even":[97],"after":[98],"controlling":[99],"for":[100,143],"size":[102],"software,":[105],"these":[106,121,138],"are":[108],"significantly":[109],"associated":[110],"with":[111],"addition,":[114],"find":[116],"that":[117,137],"effects":[119],"defects":[124],"vary":[125],"across":[126],"samples":[128],"languages-C++":[132],"Java.":[134],"We":[135],"believe":[136],"results":[139],"have":[140],"significant":[141],"implications":[142],"designing":[144],"high-quality":[145],"products":[147],"using":[148],"approach.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":54}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}