{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146567535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027797","title":"Watermarking, tamper-proofing, and obfuscation - tools for software protection","display_name":"Watermarking, tamper-proofing, and obfuscation - tools for software protection","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146567535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027797","mag":"2146567535"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2002.1027797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053588590","display_name":"Christian Collberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-7939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.S. Collberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089209744","display_name":"Clark Thomborson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-7898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Thomborson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","Dept. of Computer Science, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.3875,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":736,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9989985,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"8","first_page":"735","last_page":"746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.9245330095291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8164860010147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7377575039863586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6879807710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.6624960899353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6469191312789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.642194926738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copy-protection","display_name":"Copy protection","score":0.5347973704338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5141959190368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4481368660926819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tamper-resistance","display_name":"Tamper resistance","score":0.41854119300842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.41145792603492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17396703362464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1460389494895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08294162154197693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.9245330095291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8164860010147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7377575039863586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6879807710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.6624960899353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6469191312789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.642194926738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780581891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15738686","display_name":"Copy protection","level":4,"score":0.5347973704338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5141959190368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4481368660926819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19163912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7681779","display_name":"Tamper resistance","level":2,"score":0.41854119300842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.41145792603492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17396703362464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1460389494895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08294162154197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2002.1027797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.19.6168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.19.6168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cthombor/Pubs/01027797a.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.21.5060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.21.5060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cthombor/Pubs/tsesubmission.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.409.715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.409.715","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cthombor/Pubs/tsewmtpobf.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.43.5438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.5438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.auckland.ac.nz/out/techreports/TR_2000/TR170.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.65.9850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.65.9850","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cthombor/Pubs/112393-2a.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/3504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/staff-cgi-bin/mjd/csTRcgi.pl?serial","raw_type":"Technical Report"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38378388","https://openalex.org/W131675237","https://openalex.org/W629489840","https://openalex.org/W1482005537","https://openalex.org/W1484639018","https://openalex.org/W1489356009","https://openalex.org/W1493698890","https://openalex.org/W1514169266","https://openalex.org/W1528438050","https://openalex.org/W1534715026","https://openalex.org/W1534863513","https://openalex.org/W1543063283","https://openalex.org/W1543331277","https://openalex.org/W1556332841","https://openalex.org/W1560252361","https://openalex.org/W1567046609","https://openalex.org/W1567733967","https://openalex.org/W1570296326","https://openalex.org/W1580417272","https://openalex.org/W1582350176","https://openalex.org/W1584514021","https://openalex.org/W1588904986","https://openalex.org/W1599126799","https://openalex.org/W1769535108","https://openalex.org/W1791023610","https://openalex.org/W1798077826","https://openalex.org/W1838225389","https://openalex.org/W1899609882","https://openalex.org/W1955533808","https://openalex.org/W1961694452","https://openalex.org/W1967711091","https://openalex.org/W1972300923","https://openalex.org/W1980280740","https://openalex.org/W1986199670","https://openalex.org/W1988374166","https://openalex.org/W1990053053","https://openalex.org/W1996474791","https://openalex.org/W1996839061","https://openalex.org/W2026123763","https://openalex.org/W2032740007","https://openalex.org/W2044322670","https://openalex.org/W2055084740","https://openalex.org/W2055794506","https://openalex.org/W2061422483","https://openalex.org/W2066392057","https://openalex.org/W2071090287","https://openalex.org/W2079029390","https://openalex.org/W2083036727","https://openalex.org/W2086277109","https://openalex.org/W2086968222","https://openalex.org/W2096050104","https://openalex.org/W2097598901","https://openalex.org/W2098115602","https://openalex.org/W2102440514","https://openalex.org/W2108255910","https://openalex.org/W2109540106","https://openalex.org/W2110434538","https://openalex.org/W2119892028","https://openalex.org/W2121372682","https://openalex.org/W2126851641","https://openalex.org/W2127902771","https://openalex.org/W2130734770","https://openalex.org/W2136012769","https://openalex.org/W2138760583","https://openalex.org/W2148888468","https://openalex.org/W2158390457","https://openalex.org/W2159390040","https://openalex.org/W2294022756","https://openalex.org/W2409664136","https://openalex.org/W2523142315","https://openalex.org/W2583972682","https://openalex.org/W2912119070","https://openalex.org/W2913549697","https://openalex.org/W2916086000","https://openalex.org/W3003698748","https://openalex.org/W3101438646","https://openalex.org/W3142067920","https://openalex.org/W3145042860","https://openalex.org/W3146649573","https://openalex.org/W4213187613","https://openalex.org/W4242385202","https://openalex.org/W4254417952","https://openalex.org/W4256367411","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605235875","https://openalex.org/W6630685162","https://openalex.org/W6631804009","https://openalex.org/W6632034255","https://openalex.org/W6632523919","https://openalex.org/W6634033044","https://openalex.org/W6634982741","https://openalex.org/W6646669486","https://openalex.org/W6661541550","https://openalex.org/W6683052065","https://openalex.org/W6714479779","https://openalex.org/W6759425039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007287520","https://openalex.org/W2913519194","https://openalex.org/W4388820743","https://openalex.org/W4362634109","https://openalex.org/W2055981842","https://openalex.org/W2793135307","https://openalex.org/W3134235726","https://openalex.org/W2906395579","https://openalex.org/W128871440","https://openalex.org/W2146567535"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,76],"identify":[1],"three":[2,14],"types":[3],"of":[4,51,85],"attack":[5],"on":[6],"the":[7,49,79],"intellectual":[8],"property":[9],"contained":[10],"in":[11,73],"software":[12,29,37,64],"and":[13],"corresponding":[15],"technical":[16],"defenses.":[17],"A":[18,34,53],"defense":[19,35,54],"against":[20,36,55],"reverse":[21],"engineering":[22],"is":[23,39,57],"obfuscation,":[24],"a":[25,41,69],"process":[26,42],"that":[27,43,60],"renders":[28],"unintelligible":[30],"but":[31],"still":[32],"functional.":[33],"piracy":[38],"watermarking,":[40],"makes":[44],"it":[45],"possible":[46],"to":[47,63,67],"determine":[48],"origin":[50],"software.":[52],"tampering":[56],"tamper-proofing,":[58],"so":[59],"unauthorized":[61],"modifications":[62],"(for":[65],"example,":[66],"remove":[68],"watermark)":[70],"will":[71],"result":[72],"nonfunctional":[74],"code.":[75],"briefly":[77],"survey":[78],"available":[80],"technology":[81],"for":[82],"each":[83],"type":[84],"defense.":[86]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":34}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}