{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163851162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027796","title":"Preliminary guidelines for empirical research in software engineering","display_name":"Preliminary guidelines for empirical research in software engineering","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163851162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027796","mag":"2163851162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2002.1027796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=0c0d4174-6677-4d7f-8ff6-86927aa3aabc","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012102325","display_name":"Barbara Kitchenham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-8460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56007636","display_name":"Keele University","ror":"https://ror.org/00340yn33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B.A. Kitchenham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Comput. Sci., Keele Univ., UK","Computer Science Department, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Keele Univ., UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109245255","display_name":"Shari Lawrence Pfleeger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.L. Pfleeger","raw_affiliation_strings":["RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090053875","display_name":"Lesley M. Pickard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56007636","display_name":"Keele University","ror":"https://ror.org/00340yn33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.M. Pickard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087783507","display_name":"Peter W. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-3527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56007636","display_name":"Keele University","ror":"https://ror.org/00340yn33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.W. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084106675","display_name":"David C. Hoaglin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-181X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152550","display_name":"Abt Global (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0502afh35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152550"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.C. Hoaglin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070248034","display_name":"Khaled El Emam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-4149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. El Emam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ONT, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026870436","display_name":"Jarrett Rosenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2706-3290"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Rosenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Microsystems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Microsystems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012102325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":86.9227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1492,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99929947,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"8","first_page":"721","last_page":"734"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6998475193977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.6622231006622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-peer-review","display_name":"Software peer review","score":0.5435985326766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5242921710014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.45063796639442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-software-engineering","display_name":"Social software engineering","score":0.43855082988739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.42253559827804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.4119224548339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3838900625705719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.3433077931404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.27087390422821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12611442804336548}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6998475193977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.6622231006622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74579156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554342","display_name":"Software peer review","level":5,"score":0.5435985326766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5242921710014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45063796639442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182500959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551380","display_name":"Social software engineering","level":5,"score":0.43855082988739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.42253559827804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.4119224548339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3838900625705719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3433077931404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.27087390422821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12611442804336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2002.1027796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.118.3932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.3932","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~csc5110/materials/Kitchenham2002.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.28.583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.28.583","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/iit-papers/NRC-44158.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.570.8704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.8704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://alarcos.inf-cr.uclm.es/doc/MetoTecInfInf/articulos/guidelines.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:8914084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=0c0d4174-6677-4d7f-8ff6-86927aa3aabc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"technical report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/38755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/38755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering: An International Journal, 13, 1, 97-121","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"doi:10.4224/8914084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4224/8914084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052273","display_name":"NRC Digital Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:8914084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=0c0d4174-6677-4d7f-8ff6-86927aa3aabc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"technical report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1895087","https://openalex.org/W313369389","https://openalex.org/W607557149","https://openalex.org/W651150315","https://openalex.org/W1493790738","https://openalex.org/W1518226550","https://openalex.org/W1585159514","https://openalex.org/W1639941548","https://openalex.org/W1810599716","https://openalex.org/W1840884391","https://openalex.org/W1877616231","https://openalex.org/W1902206557","https://openalex.org/W1960542228","https://openalex.org/W1968226729","https://openalex.org/W1969126185","https://openalex.org/W1972587260","https://openalex.org/W1979349344","https://openalex.org/W1980393981","https://openalex.org/W1982786505","https://openalex.org/W1984784630","https://openalex.org/W1985622211","https://openalex.org/W1995425481","https://openalex.org/W1996330695","https://openalex.org/W2005349135","https://openalex.org/W2005379058","https://openalex.org/W2008179516","https://openalex.org/W2013222969","https://openalex.org/W2021188747","https://openalex.org/W2023414288","https://openalex.org/W2026264529","https://openalex.org/W2034562813","https://openalex.org/W2038733313","https://openalex.org/W2038753224","https://openalex.org/W2040203131","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2055146603","https://openalex.org/W2055886118","https://openalex.org/W2056676723","https://openalex.org/W2067550511","https://openalex.org/W2076731491","https://openalex.org/W2084489557","https://openalex.org/W2087425662","https://openalex.org/W2094419105","https://openalex.org/W2094805899","https://openalex.org/W2100850394","https://openalex.org/W2101693933","https://openalex.org/W2104818169","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2109815558","https://openalex.org/W2110970722","https://openalex.org/W2113294746","https://openalex.org/W2126843316","https://openalex.org/W2127163275","https://openalex.org/W2127166753","https://openalex.org/W2127323731","https://openalex.org/W2135632737","https://openalex.org/W2137862465","https://openalex.org/W2144036369","https://openalex.org/W2144182403","https://openalex.org/W2144504916","https://openalex.org/W2146389496","https://openalex.org/W2156500065","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2159516377","https://openalex.org/W2160538621","https://openalex.org/W2161477496","https://openalex.org/W2162385582","https://openalex.org/W2315160385","https://openalex.org/W2320642314","https://openalex.org/W2323845704","https://openalex.org/W2325343629","https://openalex.org/W2329319151","https://openalex.org/W2329959248","https://openalex.org/W2480680997","https://openalex.org/W2611351791","https://openalex.org/W2796303724","https://openalex.org/W2797693503","https://openalex.org/W3013105263","https://openalex.org/W3015789953","https://openalex.org/W3016230452","https://openalex.org/W3197494818","https://openalex.org/W4231942106","https://openalex.org/W4232985070","https://openalex.org/W4240402692","https://openalex.org/W4242521506","https://openalex.org/W4246897279","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4300025484","https://openalex.org/W6674308693","https://openalex.org/W6675746525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127166435","https://openalex.org/W5759616","https://openalex.org/W2289273099","https://openalex.org/W2120376006","https://openalex.org/W2167133781","https://openalex.org/W2024618940","https://openalex.org/W2220563323","https://openalex.org/W2168562866","https://openalex.org/W2086501988","https://openalex.org/W1975124757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Empirical":[0],"software":[1,27,51,74],"engineering":[2,52,75],"research":[3,5,10,20,36],"needs":[4],"guidelines":[6,21,37,55,88],"to":[7,58,79],"improve":[8],"the":[9,98],"and":[11,42,49,62,67,91,102,104],"reporting":[12,105],"processes.":[13],"We":[14],"propose":[15],"a":[16,33,84],"preliminary":[17],"set":[18],"of":[19,35,73,106],"aimed":[22],"at":[23],"stimulating":[24],"discussion":[25],"among":[26],"researchers.":[28],"They":[29],"are":[30,56],"based":[31],"on":[32,43],"review":[34],"developed":[38],"for":[39,86,89,92,95],"medical":[40],"researchers":[41],"our":[44,81],"own":[45],"experience":[46],"in":[47,64],"doing":[48],"reviewing":[50],"research.":[53],"The":[54],"intended":[57],"assist":[59],"researchers,":[60],"reviewers,":[61],"meta-analysts":[63],"designing,":[65],"conducting,":[66],"evaluating":[68],"empirical":[69,107],"studies.":[70,108],"Editorial":[71],"boards":[72],"journals":[76],"may":[77],"wish":[78],"use":[80],"recommendations":[82],"as":[83],"basis":[85],"developing":[87],"reviewers":[90],"framing":[93],"policies":[94],"dealing":[96],"with":[97],"design,":[99],"data":[100],"collection,":[101],"analysis":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":89}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
