{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160298991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3690594","title":"Code Language Models for Security Patch Management: How Far are We?","display_name":"Code Language Models for Security Patch Management: How Far are We?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160298991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3690594"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2026.3690594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3690594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004134770","display_name":"Xingwei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5048-2516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007104924","display_name":"Sicong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-4437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sicong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-4437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027733268","display_name":"Le Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1457-6329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1457-6329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135365562","display_name":"Xiaobing Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobing Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5165-5080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135321489","display_name":"Fu Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095909642","display_name":"Lei Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1952-885X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1952-885X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078198240","display_name":"Chunming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-9687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-9687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135350644","display_name":"Kui Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-2591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135399743","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information System, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information System, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58306547,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"1963","last_page":"1976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.23250000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.23250000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.10670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.05050000175833702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-constraint-language","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.28780001401901245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.870199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133264317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397689","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","level":5,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135257023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691358","display_name":"Domain-specific language","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2026.3690594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3690594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4151565432548523,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1187258388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6067591167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7832122354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U25B2024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"expansion":[2],"of":[3,48,97,154,189,219],"open-source":[4],"software":[5],"has":[6],"also":[7],"brought":[8],"significant":[9],"security":[10,23,37,49,98,129,242],"challenges":[11],"to":[12,39,63,89,142,186],"cloud":[13],"infrastructure,":[14],"particularly":[15],"introducing":[16],"and":[17,35,56,147,166,203,233],"propagating":[18],"vulnerabilities.":[19,41],"In":[20],"response,":[21],"effective":[22],"patch":[24,99,126,243],"management":[25],"establishes":[26],"a":[27,45,64,152],"continuous,":[28],"structured":[29],"pipeline":[30],"by":[31,58,160],"systematically":[32],"identifying,":[33],"testing,":[34],"deploying":[36,238],"patches":[38,50,130],"fix":[40],"However,":[42],"manually":[43],"managing":[44],"large":[46],"number":[47],"(i.e.,":[51],"any":[52],"update":[53],"is":[54,60,174,199],"approved":[55],"installed":[57],"hand)":[59],"time-consuming,":[61],"leading":[62],"great":[65],"motivation":[66],"for":[67,119,237],"automating":[68,241],"this":[69,103],"process.":[70],"Although":[71],"Code":[72],"Language":[73],"Models":[74],"(CodeLMs)":[75],"have":[76],"shown":[77],"potential":[78],"in":[79,221,240],"various":[80],"code-centric":[81],"tasks,":[82,123],"there":[83,173],"remains":[84],"an":[85],"open":[86],"question":[87],"as":[88],"how":[90],"well":[91],"CodeLMs":[92,118,239],"perform":[93,181],"within":[94],"the":[95,107,143,157,161,182,187,196,217,227,234],"context":[96],"management.":[100,244],"To":[101],"bridge":[102],"gap,":[104],"we":[105],"performed":[106],"first":[108],"comprehensive":[109],"empirical":[110],"study":[111],"on":[112],"fine-tuning":[113],"or":[114],"prompting":[115,193],"nine":[116],"state-of-the-art":[117],"three":[120],"security-patch-related":[121],"downstream":[122],"including":[124],"silent":[125],"identification":[127],"(distinguishing":[128],"from":[131],"normal":[132],"commits),":[133,146],"record-patch":[134],"linking":[135],"(connecting":[136],"authoritative":[137],"vulnerability":[138,148,158],"records,":[139],"e.g.,":[140],"CVE,":[141],"corresponding":[144],"fixing":[145],"description":[149],"generation":[150,167],"(providing":[151],"piece":[153],"text":[155],"summarizing":[156],"fixed":[159],"patch),":[162],"covering":[163],"classification,":[164],"ranking,":[165],"problems.":[168],"Our":[169],"findings":[170,225],"reveal":[171],"that":[172,178],"no":[175],"\u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d":[176],"model":[177],"can":[179],"always":[180],"best.":[183],"Furthermore,":[184],"due":[185],"lack":[188],"task-specific":[190],"knowledge,":[191],"naively":[192],"LLMs":[194,220],"with":[195],"basic":[197],"strategies":[198],"not":[200],"consistently":[201],"reliable":[202],"may":[204],"even":[205],"underperform":[206],"smaller":[207],"PTMs.":[208],"Additionally,":[209],"existing":[210],"automated":[211],"evaluation":[212],"metrics":[213],"cannot":[214],"fully":[215],"reflect":[216],"capability":[218],"considered":[222],"tasks.":[223],"These":[224],"underscore":[226],"considerable":[228],"gap":[229],"between":[230],"current":[231],"capabilities":[232],"practical":[235],"requirements":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T06:20:11.936012","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}
