{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138181631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3674665","title":"LIMR: Intent-Aware Mashup API Recommendation via LLM-Augmented Multi-Scale Fusion","display_name":"LIMR: Intent-Aware Mashup API Recommendation via LLM-Augmented Multi-Scale Fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138181631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3674665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2026.3674665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3674665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129735728","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-9152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053292340","display_name":"Yude Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198091727","display_name":"Tiangong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsr9m91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yude Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-8045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109768179","display_name":"Minhong Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6762-4902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minhong Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6762-4902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106681941","display_name":"Keqing Cen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145500","display_name":"Guizhou Electric Power Design and Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/055f13495","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145500"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keqing Cen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Guiguan Electric Power Company, Ltd., Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Guiguan Electric Power Company, Ltd., Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036828563","display_name":"J. Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129658326","display_name":"Qiang Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-1669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6172-4101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6172-4101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058507537","display_name":"Yongqiang Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032257261","display_name":"Ruitao Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9080-6865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66809481","display_name":"Southern Cross University","ror":"https://ror.org/001xkv632","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66809481"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruitao Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9080-6865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66809481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129669409","display_name":"Xiaohong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-6764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129736723","display_name":"Junjie Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3847-6760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083048049","display_name":"Lingxiao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-8548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingxiao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-8548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129703936","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.6737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99669049,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"2246","last_page":"2259"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.35899999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.35899999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.22750000655651093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.08330000191926956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mashup","display_name":"Mashup","score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.2433999925851822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.858299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196126337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821080","display_name":"Mashup","level":4,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2433999925851822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.24310000240802765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2026.3674665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2026.3674665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/211811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/211811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5070653614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62332005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,194],"increasing":[1],"availability":[2],"of":[3,10,246,257],"Web":[4],"APIs":[5,21],"has":[6],"amplified":[7],"the":[8,186,222,237,249,255],"complexity":[9],"mashup":[11,59,87,206,269],"creation,":[12],"where":[13,275],"developers":[14],"must":[15],"identify":[16],"compatible":[17],"and":[18,41,67,145,170,209,216,224,242,267,282],"functionally":[19],"relevant":[20],"based":[22],"on":[23,221],"often":[24],"ambiguous":[25],"natural":[26],"language":[27,48],"descriptions.":[28],"Traditional":[29],"methods":[30],"also":[31],"fall":[32],"short":[33],"in":[34,58,263,273],"capturing":[35],"hierarchical":[36],"semantic":[37,93,119,148,168],"cues,":[38],"modeling":[39],"compatibility,":[40],"aligning":[42],"with":[43,72,95,125,181],"developer":[44],"intent.":[45],"Although":[46],"large":[47],"models":[49],"(LLMs)":[50],"offer":[51],"strong":[52],"generalization":[53,215],"capabilities,":[54],"they":[55],"remain":[56],"unreliable":[57],"recommendation":[60,88],"due":[61],"to":[62,107,137,189,213,279],"hallucinated":[63],"outputs,":[64],"limited":[65],"controllability,":[66],"token-length":[68],"constraints":[69],"when":[70],"dealing":[71],"large-scale":[73],"API":[74,151,210,270],"repositories.":[75],"To":[76,165],"overcome":[77],"these":[78],"limitations,":[79],"we":[80],"introduce":[81],"<italic":[82,100,173,229,258],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[83,101,174,230,259],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">LIMR</i>,":[84],"an":[85],"intent-aware":[86,268],"framework":[89,196],"that":[90,228],"combines":[91],"LLM-augmented":[92],"reasoning":[94],"structured,":[96],"multi-scale":[97,127],"neural":[98],"modeling.":[99],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">LIMR</i>":[102,175,231],"first":[103],"prompts":[104],"a":[105,117,131,161,177],"LLM":[106],"extract":[108],"high-level":[109],"intent":[110,122],"from":[111],"user":[112],"requirements,":[113],"which":[114,134,236],"serves":[115],"as":[116,205],"global":[118],"signal.":[120],"This":[121],"is":[123,197],"fused":[124],"low-level,":[126],"features":[128],"extracted":[129],"by":[130],"convolutional":[132],"encoder,":[133],"are":[135,156],"designed":[136],"capture":[138,190],"fine-grained":[139],"lexical/phrasal":[140],"patterns":[141],"at":[142],"different":[143],"granularities":[144],"provide":[146],"precise":[147],"grounding":[149],"for":[150],"matching.":[152],"These":[153,252],"heterogeneous":[154],"representations":[155],"further":[157],"contextually":[158],"refined":[159],"through":[160],"Transformer-based":[162],"interaction":[163],"module.":[164],"handle":[166],"nonlinear":[167],"dependencies":[169],"compositional":[171],"complexity,":[172],"integrates":[176],"Kolmogorov-Arnold":[178],"Network":[179],"(KAN)":[180],"learnable":[182],"activation":[183],"functions,":[184],"enhancing":[185],"model's":[187],"capacity":[188],"intricate":[191],"feature":[192],"interactions.":[193],"entire":[195],"optimized":[198],"via":[199],"LLM,":[200],"incorporating":[201],"auxiliary":[202],"objectives":[203],"such":[204],"category":[207],"prediction":[208],"quality":[211],"estimation":[212],"guide":[214],"reduce":[217],"overfitting.":[218],"Comprehensive":[219],"experiments":[220],"ProgrammableWeb":[223],"APIBench":[225],"datasets":[226],"show":[227],"significantly":[232],"outperforms":[233],"state-of-the-art":[234],"baselines,":[235],"ranking-oriented":[238],"metrics,":[239],"including":[240],"NDCG":[241],"mAP,":[243],"achieves":[244],"improvements":[245],"17.1%\u201334.2%":[247],"over":[248],"strongest":[250],"competitors.":[251],"results":[253],"confirm":[254],"effectiveness":[256],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">LIMR</i>'s":[260],"hybrid":[261],"design":[262],"delivering":[264],"precise,":[265],"robust,":[266],"recommendations,":[271],"especially":[272],"scenarios":[274],"LLMs":[276],"alone":[277],"fail":[278],"meet":[280],"accuracy":[281],"scalability":[283],"demands.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
