{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410950249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2025.3570852","title":"Linear Structure Analysis of Embeddings for Bias Disparity Reduction in Collaborative Filtering","display_name":"Linear Structure Analysis of Embeddings for Bias Disparity Reduction in Collaborative Filtering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410950249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2025.3570852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2025.3570852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2025.3570852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040339098","display_name":"Hiroki Okamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5596-6979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159165171","display_name":"Hokkaido Information University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nyxpe17","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159165171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Okamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5596-6979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159165171","https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033215072","display_name":"Keisuke Maeda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8039-3462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156971308","display_name":"Hokkaido University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02gn38d51","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156971308"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119666","display_name":"Hokkaido Research Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/026j3ca82","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119666"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keisuke Maeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research Emergence Department, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","Data-Driven Interdisciplinary Research Emergence Department, Hokkaido University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8039-3462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research Emergence Department, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156971308","https://openalex.org/I205349734","https://openalex.org/I4210119666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data-Driven Interdisciplinary Research Emergence Department, Hokkaido University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002757875","display_name":"Ren Togo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4474-3995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren Togo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4474-3995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009032240","display_name":"Takahiro Ogawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-8112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Ogawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-8112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Miki Haseyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-1761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miki Haseyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-1761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1693,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81776723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"2201","last_page":"2211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12384","display_name":"Customer churn and segmentation","score":0.2678000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12384","display_name":"Customer churn and segmentation","score":0.2678000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.2581999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.2337000072002411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7134861946105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5801130533218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41747045516967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3392487168312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17812520265579224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7134861946105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5801130533218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41747045516967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3392487168312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17812520265579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2025.3570852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2025.3570852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1654297792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP23K21676","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5505066654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP24K02942","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7580542989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP23K11211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8595477435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP23K11141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1139185857","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2042281163","https://openalex.org/W2056716515","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2219888463","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2945827670","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2997842202","https://openalex.org/W3012600133","https://openalex.org/W3034503922","https://openalex.org/W3035404611","https://openalex.org/W3045200674","https://openalex.org/W3092103025","https://openalex.org/W3092846532","https://openalex.org/W3094546485","https://openalex.org/W3094605801","https://openalex.org/W3135583098","https://openalex.org/W3155496675","https://openalex.org/W3165355909","https://openalex.org/W3209428314","https://openalex.org/W3211009588","https://openalex.org/W4210334834","https://openalex.org/W4226210383","https://openalex.org/W4232980324","https://openalex.org/W4283702870","https://openalex.org/W4284666445","https://openalex.org/W4284706355","https://openalex.org/W4288083766","https://openalex.org/W4327498249","https://openalex.org/W4379382506","https://openalex.org/W4387848727","https://openalex.org/W4387848976","https://openalex.org/W4389518770","https://openalex.org/W4389636092","https://openalex.org/W4389675217","https://openalex.org/W4390489709","https://openalex.org/W4400261185","https://openalex.org/W4401857110","https://openalex.org/W4402500936","https://openalex.org/W4406903235","https://openalex.org/W6680830989","https://openalex.org/W6747832565","https://openalex.org/W6748816842","https://openalex.org/W6755557332","https://openalex.org/W6767657623","https://openalex.org/W6782105832","https://openalex.org/W6799629773","https://openalex.org/W6850270101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2352590024"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recommender":[0],"systems":[1],"personalize":[2],"user":[3,14,27],"experiences":[4],"by":[5],"filtering":[6,17],"large":[7],"volumes":[8],"of":[9,109,137],"information,":[10],"and":[11,67,146],"further":[12],"shape":[13],"behavior.":[15],"Collaborative":[16],"(CF),":[18],"a":[19,60,72,130],"widely":[20],"used":[21],"algorithm":[22],"in":[23,71,113,133],"this":[24,51],"domain,":[25],"learns":[26],"preferences":[28],"from":[29],"user-item":[30],"interactions.":[31],"However,":[32],"recent":[33],"studies":[34],"indicate":[35],"that":[36,64,101,120],"certain":[37],"CF":[38,62],"algorithms":[39],"can":[40,124],"excessively":[41],"amplify":[42],"inherent":[43],"data":[44],"biases,":[45],"manifesting":[46],"as":[47,69,86],"bias":[48,115,126],"disparity.":[49,116],"In":[50],"study,":[52],"we":[53,97],"examine":[54],"the":[55,107],"latent":[56,74],"factor":[57],"model":[58],"(LFM),":[59],"state-of-the-art":[61],"method":[63],"represents":[65],"users":[66],"items":[68],"vectors":[70],"shared":[73],"space.":[75],"By":[76],"applying":[77],"linear":[78,111],"dimensionality":[79],"reduction":[80],"techniques":[81],"with":[82,128,142,151],"strong":[83],"interpretability":[84],"(such":[85],"principal":[87,143],"component":[88,144,153],"analysis)":[89],"to":[90],"LFM":[91],"embeddings":[92],"trained":[93],"on":[94],"real-world":[95],"data,":[96],"identify":[98],"specific":[99],"axes":[100],"encode":[102],"biases.":[103],"We":[104],"then":[105],"demonstrate":[106],"application":[108],"these":[110],"relationships":[112],"mitigating":[114],"Experimental":[117],"results":[118],"show":[119],"our":[121],"proposed":[122],"approach":[123],"reduce":[125],"disparity":[127],"only":[129],"slight":[131],"decrease":[132],"recommendation":[134],"accuracy-an":[135],"average":[136],"<inline-formula":[138,147],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[139,148],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[140,149],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5-8\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[141],"analysis":[145],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1-3\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[150],"independent":[152],"analysis.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}