{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396564071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2024.3395928","title":"Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Outsourcing of Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Inference","display_name":"Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Outsourcing of Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Inference","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396564071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2024.3395928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2024.3395928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2024.3395928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114348415","display_name":"Shuai Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6575-5101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6575-5101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325334","display_name":"Hongwei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-7946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-7946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056957314","display_name":"Xinyuan Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-6516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyuan Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-6516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078359928","display_name":"Meng Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-1926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-1926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114348201","display_name":"Yixiao Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3912-0979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixiao Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3912-0979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046950426","display_name":"Guowen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-9345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guowen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-9345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2228,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89013279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"2334","last_page":"2348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7949391603469849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.6999380588531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6867679357528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.6298261880874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5768988728523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5137782692909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4661117196083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.430765300989151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternating-decision-tree","display_name":"Alternating decision tree","score":0.4116972088813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38571807742118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38329386711120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree-learning","display_name":"Decision tree learning","score":0.2330087125301361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-decision-tree","display_name":"Incremental decision tree","score":0.21424025297164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.19880074262619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19157937169075012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7949391603469849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6999380588531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6867679357528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.6298261880874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5768988728523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5137782692909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4661117196083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.430765300989151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120136583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4736414","display_name":"Alternating decision tree","level":5,"score":0.4116972088813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38571807742118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38329386711120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5481197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16766476","display_name":"Decision tree learning","level":3,"score":0.2330087125301361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10229987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083028","display_name":"Incremental decision tree","level":4,"score":0.21424025297164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.19880074262619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19157937169075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2024.3395928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2024.3395928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2805406393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62020106013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503015977","https://openalex.org/W2031738616","https://openalex.org/W2053923031","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2090117217","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2345464210","https://openalex.org/W2394785274","https://openalex.org/W2398935881","https://openalex.org/W2573908344","https://openalex.org/W2586297576","https://openalex.org/W2744061387","https://openalex.org/W2772071109","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2793685318","https://openalex.org/W2866649234","https://openalex.org/W2899635708","https://openalex.org/W2907745774","https://openalex.org/W2943847483","https://openalex.org/W2945594226","https://openalex.org/W2963540401","https://openalex.org/W2968213045","https://openalex.org/W2998640192","https://openalex.org/W3011466468","https://openalex.org/W3034756028","https://openalex.org/W3040384242","https://openalex.org/W3049595782","https://openalex.org/W3101860164","https://openalex.org/W3108285671","https://openalex.org/W3117063516","https://openalex.org/W3133312630","https://openalex.org/W3136975558","https://openalex.org/W4229052361","https://openalex.org/W4308361263","https://openalex.org/W4383501767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967733078","https://openalex.org/W3204430031","https://openalex.org/W3137904399","https://openalex.org/W4310492845","https://openalex.org/W2885778889","https://openalex.org/W4310224730","https://openalex.org/W2766514146","https://openalex.org/W4289703016","https://openalex.org/W2885516856","https://openalex.org/W3094138326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"outsourcing":[1,53,115],"machine":[2],"learning":[3],"inference":[4,14,59],"services":[5],"to":[6,25,76,149,160],"the":[7,28,33,78,84,90,106,110,114,119,161],"cloud":[8],"has":[9],"become":[10],"increasingly":[11],"popular.":[12],"The":[13],"process,":[15],"however,":[16],"remains":[17],"an":[18,46],"open":[19],"question":[20],"on":[21,136],"<italic":[22],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[23],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">how":[24],"effectively":[26],"protect":[27,77],"model":[29],"owner's":[30,85],"proprietary":[31],"model,":[32,92],"user's":[34],"sensitive":[35],"data,":[36],"and":[37,48,63,80,98,108,133,140,154],"prediction":[38],"results</i>":[39],".":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"work,":[43],"we":[44,68,93,128],"propose":[45,95],"efficient":[47],"comprehensive":[49],"privacy-preserving":[50],"framework":[51],"for":[52,74],"Gradient":[54],"Boosting":[55],"Decision":[56],"Tree":[57],"(GBDT)":[58],"utilizing":[60],"pseudorandom":[61],"function":[62],"additively":[64],"homomorphic":[65],"encryption.":[66],"Specifically,":[67],"first":[69],"design":[70],"a":[71],"transformation":[72],"method":[73],"GBDT":[75],"node":[79],"structure":[81],"privacy":[82,123],"of":[83,89,113],"model.":[86],"On":[87],"top":[88],"protected":[91],"further":[94],"customized":[96],"comparison":[97],"random":[99],"trees":[100],"permutation":[101],"protocols,":[102],"which":[103],"substantially":[104],"boost":[105],"computation":[107],"reduce":[109],"communication":[111,158],"cost":[112],"inference,":[116],"while":[117],"preventing":[118],"user":[120],"from":[121],"inferring":[122],"associated":[124],"with":[125],"GBDT.":[126],"Besides,":[127],"provide":[129],"rigorous":[130],"security":[131],"analysis,":[132],"extensive":[134],"experiments":[135],"7":[137],"real-world":[138],"datasets":[139],"various":[141],"models":[142],"demonstrating":[143],"that":[144],"our":[145],"scheme":[146],"achieves":[147],"up":[148],"36":[150],"times":[151,156],"less":[152,157],"runtime":[153],"69":[155],"compared":[159],"state-of-the-arts.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
