{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206143806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3135352","title":"Enforcing Privacy Preservation on Edge Cameras using Lightweight Video Frame Scrambling","display_name":"Enforcing Privacy Preservation on Edge Cameras using Lightweight Video Frame Scrambling","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206143806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3135352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2021.3135352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3135352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031557208","display_name":"Alem Fitwi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1088-1513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alem Haddush Fitwi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, 14787 Binghamton, New York, United States, (e-mail: afitwi1@binghamton.edu)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, 14787 Binghamton, New York, United States, (e-mail: afitwi1@binghamton.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402109","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1880-0586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical & Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, 14787 Binghamton, New York, United States, (e-mail: ychen@binghamton.edu)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical & Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, 14787 Binghamton, New York, United States, (e-mail: ychen@binghamton.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101952501","display_name":"Sencun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1047-7967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sencun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 8082 University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, (e-mail: sxz16@psu.edu)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 8082 University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, (e-mail: sxz16@psu.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83025027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8794809579849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.7982527017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5953004956245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5684254169464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5550987124443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5235688090324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4952212870121002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4790966808795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.380788654088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17717599868774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.12311860918998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08506792783737183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8794809579849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.7982527017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5953004956245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5684254169464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5550987124443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5235688090324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4952212870121002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4790966808795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.380788654088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17717599868774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.12311860918998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08506792783737183}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2021.3135352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3135352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2015569828","https://openalex.org/W2054222605","https://openalex.org/W2056105196","https://openalex.org/W2057047227","https://openalex.org/W2058512713","https://openalex.org/W2063456539","https://openalex.org/W2065809024","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2103958416","https://openalex.org/W2119422420","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2165983133","https://openalex.org/W2169740160","https://openalex.org/W2184159350","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2213892522","https://openalex.org/W2293161194","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2416918403","https://openalex.org/W2559975580","https://openalex.org/W2767034436","https://openalex.org/W2799040448","https://openalex.org/W2808982453","https://openalex.org/W2909614522","https://openalex.org/W2918833293","https://openalex.org/W2944075611","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3007400614","https://openalex.org/W3008491927","https://openalex.org/W3017685820","https://openalex.org/W3024368373","https://openalex.org/W3044256878","https://openalex.org/W3090367127","https://openalex.org/W3125771644","https://openalex.org/W3196574087","https://openalex.org/W4212916689","https://openalex.org/W4247684994","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6677714087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W936781193","https://openalex.org/W4297633779","https://openalex.org/W69312893","https://openalex.org/W2979760315","https://openalex.org/W4324372666","https://openalex.org/W4225706866","https://openalex.org/W2080069147","https://openalex.org/W4386004629","https://openalex.org/W2942586735","https://openalex.org/W2956163139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Privacy":[0],"protecting":[1],"is":[2,27,56,176],"a":[3,8,29,81,97,105,129,134],"very":[4],"challenging":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,22,185],"highly":[9],"surveilled":[10],"world":[11],"with":[12,168,191],"zillions":[13],"of":[14,72,125,150,156,162],"surveillance":[15,127],"cameras":[16,47,70,189],"deployed.":[17],"The":[18,100,153],"difficulty":[19],"mainly":[20],"lies":[21],"the":[23,45,60,68,123,157,163,173,196],"facts:":[24],"(i)":[25],"there":[26],"not":[28],"distinctively":[30],"defined":[31],"boundary":[32],"between":[33],"usability":[34],"and":[35,42,51,53,83,96,115,133,160,166,180],"privacy,":[36],"(ii)":[37],"video":[38],"frames":[39,112,143],"indiscriminately":[40],"created":[41],"collected":[43],"by":[44],"edge":[46,69,188],"could":[48],"be":[49],"abused":[50],"intercepted,":[52],"(iii)":[54],"it":[55,183],"difficult":[57],"to":[58,86,110,121,146,195],"enforce":[59],"commonly":[61],"used":[62],"compute-intensive":[63],"standard":[64],"techniques":[65],"as-is":[66],"on":[67,89,118,187],"because":[71],"limited":[73],"computational":[74,192],"resources.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"lightweight":[82,106],"secure":[84,181],"scheme":[85,175],"Enforce":[87],"Privacy-preservation":[88],"Edge":[90],"Cameras":[91],"(EnPEC)":[92],"using":[93],"deep":[94],"learning":[95],"sinusoidal":[98],"chaotic-map.":[99],"proposed":[101],"EnPEC":[102,164,174],"architecture":[103],"comprises":[104],"frame":[107,130,151],"classifier":[108],"designed":[109],"label":[111],"as":[113],"offensive":[114],"harmless":[116],"depending":[117],"their":[119],"content":[120],"ensure":[122,147],"practice":[124],"selective":[126],"following":[128],"approximation":[131],"process":[132],"novel":[135],"sinusoidal-map-based":[136],"chaotic":[137],"image":[138],"scrambling":[139],"technique":[140],"that":[141,172],"enciphers":[142],"color-channel":[144],"wise":[145],"end-to-end":[148],"privacy":[149],"contents.":[152],"extensive":[154],"analysis":[155],"functionality,":[158],"performance":[159],"security":[161],"scheme,":[165],"comparison":[167],"related":[169],"works":[170],"verify":[171],"more":[177],"feasible,":[178],"robust":[179],"when":[182],"runs":[184],"real-time":[186],"equipped":[190],"power":[193],"equivalent":[194],"Raspberry":[197],"PI":[198],"4.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}