{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3086081730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3120690","title":"Immutable Log Storage as a Service on Private and Public Blockchains","display_name":"Immutable Log Storage as a Service on Private and Public Blockchains","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3086081730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3120690","mag":"3086081730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2021.3120690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3120690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.07834","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012120439","display_name":"William Pourmajidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8883-7061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Pourmajidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075816408","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4767-3849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031430369","display_name":"John Steinbacher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113654","display_name":"IBM (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/025sxka56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210113654"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Steinbacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Canada Lab, Toronto, ON, Canada","IBM"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Canada Lab, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113654"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041912617","display_name":"Tony Erwin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Erwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Watson and Cloud Platform, Austin, TX, USA","IBM"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Watson and Cloud Platform, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026957450","display_name":"Andriy Miranskyy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-9043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andriy Miranskyy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012120439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1383,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81751535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"356","last_page":"369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immutability","display_name":"Immutability","score":0.804497241973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6705461144447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6616001129150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6355193853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.6269835233688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permission","display_name":"Permission","score":0.6202894449234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5600261092185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5249407291412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4518314599990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeline","display_name":"Timeline","score":0.4332989454269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.31058430671691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.20179539918899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17872843146324158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942906","display_name":"Immutability","level":3,"score":0.804497241973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6705461144447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6616001129150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6355193853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.6269835233688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.6202894449234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5600261092185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5249407291412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4518314599990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.4332989454269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.31058430671691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.20179539918899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17872843146324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsc.2021.3120690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3120690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204223317","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","issn_l":"1939-1374","issn":["1939-1374","2372-0204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.07834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07834","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.07834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdsoar.org:11603/38077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11603/38077","pdf_url":"https://mdsoar.org/bitstreams/74148a90-8588-423b-9443-a775b69771ad/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402556","display_name":"Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.07834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2009.07834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2g0sn-nfuk","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2g0sn-nfuk","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:3086081730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.07834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07834","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.07834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1597412403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2686240464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSERC CRD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3216283581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3854171625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2015-06075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G560051739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5881564744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2015-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6221715925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7471108959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRDPJ","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8287904","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1554440172","https://openalex.org/W2027602529","https://openalex.org/W2055204629","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2075286985","https://openalex.org/W2084869011","https://openalex.org/W2098721736","https://openalex.org/W2116512828","https://openalex.org/W2144429239","https://openalex.org/W2155319953","https://openalex.org/W2155690458","https://openalex.org/W2160638522","https://openalex.org/W2166205945","https://openalex.org/W2170873916","https://openalex.org/W2189446046","https://openalex.org/W2275530856","https://openalex.org/W2288293293","https://openalex.org/W2537574029","https://openalex.org/W2544710688","https://openalex.org/W2620284884","https://openalex.org/W2621187651","https://openalex.org/W2669932771","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2803736556","https://openalex.org/W2804719230","https://openalex.org/W2810807736","https://openalex.org/W2887561408","https://openalex.org/W2894806357","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2897996256","https://openalex.org/W2900804173","https://openalex.org/W2901922760","https://openalex.org/W2951313236","https://openalex.org/W2954584174","https://openalex.org/W2963091761","https://openalex.org/W2963093511","https://openalex.org/W2964262836","https://openalex.org/W2970782409","https://openalex.org/W3013470922","https://openalex.org/W3016687266","https://openalex.org/W3107245412","https://openalex.org/W3111268343","https://openalex.org/W3140731695","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W6600354236","https://openalex.org/W6631644507","https://openalex.org/W6633224715","https://openalex.org/W6675248781","https://openalex.org/W6685188846","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6687498122","https://openalex.org/W6728574888","https://openalex.org/W6747798603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004298054","https://openalex.org/W3159419962","https://openalex.org/W2890676236","https://openalex.org/W3110988211","https://openalex.org/W3047449092","https://openalex.org/W2806696734","https://openalex.org/W3109604561","https://openalex.org/W227356627","https://openalex.org/W2058801855","https://openalex.org/W2181590172","https://openalex.org/W2098698553","https://openalex.org/W2913622889","https://openalex.org/W2604642874","https://openalex.org/W3014469150","https://openalex.org/W2406451107","https://openalex.org/W3042178041","https://openalex.org/W2903579412","https://openalex.org/W2141733973","https://openalex.org/W2617549914","https://openalex.org/W1976113432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Service":[0],"Level":[1],"Agreements":[2],"(SLA)":[3],"are":[4],"employed":[5],"to":[6,27,29,49,54,114,128,161],"ensure":[7],"the":[8,17,31,34,38,52,61,74,109,135,148,154,157],"performance":[9],"of":[10,19,33,64,76,112,156,159,185],"Cloud":[11,65],"solutions.":[12,106],"When":[13],"a":[14,77,85,89,116,125,163,178,206,213],"component":[15],"fails,":[16],"importance":[18],"logs":[20,28,53,66],"increases":[21],"significantly.":[22],"All":[23],"departments":[24],"may":[25,46],"turn":[26],"determine":[30],"cause":[32],"issue":[35],"and":[36,70,103,142,152,199],"find":[37],"party":[39,43],"at":[40,44],"fault.":[41],"The":[42,173],"fault":[45],"be":[47,98,205],"motivated":[48],"tamper":[50],"with":[51,100],"hide":[55],"their":[56,171],"role.":[57],"We":[58,145],"argue":[59],"that":[60,147,168,211],"critical":[62],"nature":[63],"calls":[67],"for":[68,119,209],"immutability":[69,110],"verification":[71],"mechanism":[72,86],"without":[73,182],"presence":[75],"single":[78],"trusted":[79],"party.":[80],"This":[81],"article":[82],"proposes":[83],"such":[84],"by":[87],"describing":[88],"blockchain-based":[90],"log":[91,120,216],"storage":[92,217],"system,":[93],"called":[94],"Logchain,":[95],"which":[96],"can":[97,195,204],"integrated":[99],"existing":[101],"private":[102,198],"public":[104,200],"blockchain":[105,113,179],"Logchain":[107,139],"uses":[108],"feature":[111],"provide":[115],"tamper-resistance":[117],"platform":[118],"storage.":[121],"Additionally,":[122],"we":[123,137],"propose":[124],"hierarchical":[126],"structure":[127],"address":[129,170],"blockchains\u2019":[130,186],"scalability":[131,175],"issues.":[132],"To":[133],"validate":[134],"mechanism,":[136],"integrate":[138],"into":[140],"Ethereum":[141],"IBM":[143],"Blockchain.":[144],"show":[146],"solution":[149],"is":[150,180],"scalable":[151],"perform":[153],"analysis":[155],"cost":[158],"ownership":[160],"help":[162],"reader":[164],"select":[165],"an":[166],"implementation":[167],"would":[169],"needs.":[172],"Logchain's":[174],"improvement":[176],"on":[177,197],"achieved":[181],"any":[183],"alteration":[184],"fundamental":[187],"architecture.":[188],"As":[189],"shown":[190],"in":[191],"this":[192],"work,":[193],"it":[194],"function":[196],"blockchains":[201],"and,":[202],"therefore,":[203],"suitable":[207],"alternative":[208],"organizations":[210],"need":[212],"secure,":[214],"immutable":[215],"platform.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}