{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127088210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00161","title":"ETCFF: An Encrypted Traffic Classification Method Based on Fusion Features","display_name":"ETCFF: An Encrypted Traffic Classification Method Based on Fusion Features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127088210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00161"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00161","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 24th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124799541","display_name":"ZhiPeng Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ZhiPeng Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology,Anhui,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology,Anhui,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103644122","display_name":"Fanping Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"FanPing Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology,Anhui,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology,Anhui,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6668288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1388","last_page":"1395"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/header","display_name":"Header","score":0.7876999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.7840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5292999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-packet-inspection","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4106000065803528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48105269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141160","display_name":"Header","level":2,"score":0.7876999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.7840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5605999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5292999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00161","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 24th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5140279531478882,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052794430","https://openalex.org/W2111754142","https://openalex.org/W2190207511","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2480454766","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2963065250","https://openalex.org/W3007562398","https://openalex.org/W3116203245","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4312767053","https://openalex.org/W4321021237","https://openalex.org/W4360993886","https://openalex.org/W4385562531","https://openalex.org/W4387007222","https://openalex.org/W4392186541","https://openalex.org/W4393219177","https://openalex.org/W4394566648","https://openalex.org/W4400747953"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"growing":[1],"awareness":[2],"of":[3,10,115],"user":[4,116],"privacy":[5],"and":[6,17,27,58,72,110,136,151,178],"the":[7,96,101,172],"widespread":[8],"adoption":[9],"encryption":[11],"tools":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"SSL/TLS,":[15],"VPN,":[16],"Tor,":[18],"traditional":[19],"traffic":[20,43,75,128],"classification":[21,129],"methods":[22,106],"based":[23],"on":[24,54,89,141,166],"port":[25],"analysis":[26],"deep":[28,79],"packet":[29],"inspection":[30],"(DPI)":[31],"have":[32],"become":[33],"increasingly":[34],"ineffective.":[35],"While":[36],"conventional":[37],"machine":[38],"learning":[39,63,80],"approaches":[40],"can":[41],"classify":[42],"using":[44],"flow":[45],"statistical":[46],"features,":[47,94],"they":[48],"remain":[49],"limited":[50],"by":[51,68],"their":[52],"dependence":[53],"manual":[55],"feature":[56,149],"engineering":[57],"poor":[59],"generalization":[60],"capability.":[61],"Deep":[62],"techniques":[64,147],"overcome":[65],"these":[66,120],"constraints":[67],"automatically":[69],"extracting":[70],"features":[71,138],"enabling":[73],"early":[74],"classification.":[76],"However,":[77],"existing":[78],"solutions":[81],"still":[82],"exhibit":[83],"notable":[84],"shortcomings:":[85],"most":[86],"rely":[87],"exclusively":[88],"either":[90],"flow-level":[91,135],"or":[92],"packet-level":[93,105,137],"neglecting":[95],"complementary":[97],"information":[98],"present":[99],"in":[100],"other":[102],"dimension;":[103],"furthermore,":[104],"often":[107],"mix":[108],"header":[109],"payload":[111,142],"data,":[112],"risking":[113],"violation":[114],"privacy.":[117],"To":[118],"address":[119],"issues,":[121],"this":[122],"paper":[123],"proposes":[124],"a":[125],"novel":[126],"encrypted":[127],"method":[130,174],"that":[131,171],"effectively":[132],"integrates":[133],"both":[134,154],"without":[139],"relying":[140],"content.":[143],"By":[144],"introducing":[145],"new":[146],"for":[148],"extraction":[150],"fusion":[152],"at":[153],"levels,":[155],"our":[156],"approach":[157],"captures":[158],"complex":[159],"nonlinear":[160],"relationships":[161],"among":[162],"features.":[163],"Extensive":[164],"evaluation":[165],"four":[167],"public":[168],"datasets":[169],"demonstrates":[170],"proposed":[173],"achieves":[175],"high":[176],"accuracy":[177],"significantly":[179],"outperforms":[180],"single-modal":[181],"models.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}