{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127153445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00135","title":"FedRand: A Federated Random Forest Learning Technique for Anomaly Detection in IoT Networks","display_name":"FedRand: A Federated Random Forest Learning Technique for Anomaly Detection in IoT Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127153445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00135","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 24th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/75851.html>","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124834513","display_name":"Omodolapo Babalola","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omodolapo Babalola","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,School of Computing Science,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,School of Computing Science,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110927467","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Cano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Cano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,School of Computing Science,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,School of Computing Science,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080071277","display_name":"Somrudee Deepaisarn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-6345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108247","display_name":"Sirindhorn College of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01pen7a46","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108247"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somrudee Deepaisarn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thammasat University,Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT),Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thammasat University,Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT),Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108247"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124858482","display_name":"Nguyen Truong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Truong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,School of Computing Science,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,School of Computing Science,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80849148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1174","last_page":"1181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.4900999963283539,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.4900999963283539,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.10679999738931656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.1005999967455864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7554000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5253999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.508899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.44749999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7657999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7554000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5253999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.508899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom66490.2025.00135","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 24th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:372070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/75851.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:372070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/75851.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6361194252967834}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320025","display_name":"British Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3pr326"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334111","display_name":"Innovation Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335413","display_name":"Petroleum Technology Development Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337495","display_name":"Technology Development","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W3016251777","https://openalex.org/W3085955590","https://openalex.org/W3094011464","https://openalex.org/W3157680283","https://openalex.org/W3185153723","https://openalex.org/W3185987447","https://openalex.org/W3192067577","https://openalex.org/W3194243671","https://openalex.org/W3197944870","https://openalex.org/W3216794265","https://openalex.org/W4206936789","https://openalex.org/W4210284152","https://openalex.org/W4292973401","https://openalex.org/W4316660992","https://openalex.org/W4390475986","https://openalex.org/W4399899498","https://openalex.org/W4402351241"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0,113],"Learning":[1,117],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3,52,80],"an":[4,22],"emerging":[5],"distributed":[6,16],"machine":[7],"learning":[8,63,144,169],"(ML)":[9],"technique":[10,79],"distinguished":[11],"by":[12],"non-independent":[13],"and":[14,21,85,99,138,152],"identically":[15],"(Non-IID)":[17],"data,":[18],"statistical":[19],"heterogeneity,":[20],"expected":[23],"large":[24],"number":[25],"of":[26,124,134],"participating":[27],"clients":[28,94],"to":[29,75],"collaboratively":[30],"train":[31],"a":[32,70,76,110,132,142,163],"shared":[33],"model":[34,148,154],"without":[35],"fusing":[36],"the":[37],"training":[38,78],"data":[39],"into":[40],"one":[41],"centralized":[42],"server.":[43],"State-of-the-art":[44],"FL":[45,73],"research":[46],"focuses":[47],"on":[48],"gradient-based":[49,72],"models,":[50],"which":[51],"not":[53],"suitable":[54],"for":[55,119,166],"ML-based":[56],"intrusion":[57],"detection":[58],"systems":[59],"that":[60,158],"utilize":[61],"tree-based":[62,77,168],"methods":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66,82],"Random":[67,114],"Forest.":[68],"Adapting":[69],"typical":[71],"method":[74],"non-trivial,":[81],"ensembling":[83],"trees":[84,88],"aggregating":[86],"decision":[87],"from":[89],"different":[90],"random":[91],"forests":[92],"across":[93],"can":[95],"be":[96],"computationally,":[97],"spatially,":[98],"temporally":[100],"intensive.":[101],"To":[102],"overcome":[103],"these":[104],"challenges,":[105],"this":[106,159],"paper":[107,129],"proposes":[108],"FedRand,":[109],"novel":[111,135],"adaptive":[112],"Forest":[115],"Aggregation":[116],"Technique":[118],"Anomaly":[120],"Detection":[121],"in":[122],"Internet":[123],"Things":[125],"(IoT)":[126],"networks.":[127],"This":[128],"thoroughly":[130],"examines":[131],"suite":[133],"tree":[136],"selection":[137],"aggregation":[139],"strategies":[140],"within":[141],"federated":[143,167],"framework,":[145],"ensuring":[146],"robust":[147],"accuracy,":[149],"accelerated":[150],"aggregation,":[151],"global":[153],"convergence.":[155],"We":[156],"believe":[157],"work":[160],"opens":[161],"up":[162],"promising":[164],"solution":[165],"techniques.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}