{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322706715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2023.3240619","title":"The Design, Education and Evolution of a Robotic Baby","display_name":"The Design, Education and Evolution of a Robotic Baby","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322706715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2023.3240619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2023.3240619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2023.3240619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031867835","display_name":"Hanqing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanqing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-6753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032236205","display_name":"Sean Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6282-4772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6282-4772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041459160","display_name":"\u00c9ric F\u00e9ron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-2159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Feron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-2159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031867835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8967,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7290976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"3","first_page":"2488","last_page":"2507"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6548128128051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6219817996025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5565000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inheritance","display_name":"Inheritance (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5496120452880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.439998060464859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.4180183708667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39127078652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3593158721923828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6548128128051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6219817996025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5565000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780902518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6033780","display_name":"Inheritance (genetic algorithm)","level":3,"score":0.5496120452880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.439998060464859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.4180183708667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39127078652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3593158721923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2023.3240619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2023.3240619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/689934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/689934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:smartech.gatech.edu:1853/70158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1853/70158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196313","display_name":"SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","host_organization_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46490633","https://openalex.org/W81000870","https://openalex.org/W95274681","https://openalex.org/W225146778","https://openalex.org/W419646410","https://openalex.org/W627965266","https://openalex.org/W754909321","https://openalex.org/W900993354","https://openalex.org/W1481305879","https://openalex.org/W1492581928","https://openalex.org/W1504636771","https://openalex.org/W1525367170","https://openalex.org/W1579035156","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1719563198","https://openalex.org/W1928882148","https://openalex.org/W1973674690","https://openalex.org/W1974089349","https://openalex.org/W1974777011","https://openalex.org/W1982214816","https://openalex.org/W1984565341","https://openalex.org/W1995105014","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2009332501","https://openalex.org/W2012401665","https://openalex.org/W2013091051","https://openalex.org/W2044558258","https://openalex.org/W2059262214","https://openalex.org/W2061718109","https://openalex.org/W2069228847","https://openalex.org/W2075370430","https://openalex.org/W2080404274","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2083135964","https://openalex.org/W2088563966","https://openalex.org/W2101529331","https://openalex.org/W2108704847","https://openalex.org/W2111040806","https://openalex.org/W2111114595","https://openalex.org/W2117553866","https://openalex.org/W2125674490","https://openalex.org/W2134155886","https://openalex.org/W2157904933","https://openalex.org/W2158396456","https://openalex.org/W2158847908","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2169452306","https://openalex.org/W2175268987","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251771443","https://openalex.org/W2293350124","https://openalex.org/W2328927356","https://openalex.org/W2462261748","https://openalex.org/W2488240401","https://openalex.org/W2493669283","https://openalex.org/W2579343286","https://openalex.org/W2620826411","https://openalex.org/W2740888779","https://openalex.org/W2779578326","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2805077688","https://openalex.org/W2885804027","https://openalex.org/W2962728167","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963305465","https://openalex.org/W2963367022","https://openalex.org/W2963850840","https://openalex.org/W2964187267","https://openalex.org/W2964654516","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2985331920","https://openalex.org/W3003374142","https://openalex.org/W3003535010","https://openalex.org/W3083877289","https://openalex.org/W3152247310","https://openalex.org/W3200165269","https://openalex.org/W4229722343","https://openalex.org/W4229741674","https://openalex.org/W4235761353","https://openalex.org/W4302454383","https://openalex.org/W6603217194","https://openalex.org/W6624056060","https://openalex.org/W6631151704","https://openalex.org/W6634589335","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6678067405","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6696831953","https://openalex.org/W6732580787"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386928530","https://openalex.org/W2912461320","https://openalex.org/W4210442184","https://openalex.org/W2373906875","https://openalex.org/W2903457525","https://openalex.org/W2921828092","https://openalex.org/W3123296078","https://openalex.org/W3117208807","https://openalex.org/W2293063786","https://openalex.org/W2911292476"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inspired":[0,150],"by":[1,151],"Alan":[2],"Turing's":[3],"idea":[4],"of":[5,17,31,49,102,140],"a":[6,18,62,74,95],"child":[7],"machine,":[8],"in":[9,106,113,120,155,160],"this":[10],"article,":[11],"we":[12],"introduce":[13],"the":[14,39,42,50,58,66,81,100,103,141,152],"formal":[15],"definition":[16],"robotic":[19,51,96,104,142,148,161],"baby,":[20],"an":[21],"integrated":[22],"system":[23,47,132],"with":[24,73,90,146],"minimal":[25,63],"world":[26],"knowledge":[27,158],"at":[28],"birth,":[29],"capable":[30],"learning":[32],"incrementally":[33],"and":[34,36,46,55,88,92,110,115,131,138,163],"interactively,":[35],"adapting":[37],"to":[38,79],"world.":[40],"Within":[41],"definition,":[43],"fundamental":[44],"capabilities":[45,101],"characteristics":[48],"baby":[52,105,143],"are":[53,144,168],"identified":[54],"presented":[56],"as":[57,117,119],"system-level":[59,82],"requirements.":[60],"As":[61],"viable":[64],"prototype,":[65],"<italic":[67],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[68],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Baby</i>":[69],"architecture":[70],"is":[71],"proposed":[72],"systems":[75],"engineering":[76],"design":[77],"approach":[78],"satisfy":[80],"requirements,":[83],"which":[84],"has":[85],"been":[86],"verified":[87],"validated":[89],"simulations":[91],"experiments":[93],"on":[94],"system.":[97],"We":[98],"demonstrate":[99],"natural":[107,121,124,128],"language":[108,122,125,129],"acquisition":[109],"semantic":[111],"parsing":[112],"English":[114],"Chinese,":[116],"well":[118],"grounding,":[123],"reinforcement":[126],"learning,":[127],"programming,":[130],"introspection":[133],"for":[134],"explainability.":[135],"The":[136],"education":[137],"evolution":[139,167],"illustrated":[145],"real-world":[147],"demonstrations.":[149],"genetic":[153],"inheritance":[154,159],"human":[156],"beings,":[157],"babies":[162],"its":[164],"benefits":[165],"regarding":[166],"discussed.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}