{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157393942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2021.3070983","title":"Feedback Altitude Control of a Flying Insect\u2013Computer Hybrid Robot","display_name":"Feedback Altitude Control of a Flying Insect\u2013Computer Hybrid Robot","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157393942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2021.3070983","mag":"3157393942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2021.3070983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2021.3070983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1546-1904","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411272","display_name":"Yao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3656-5858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3656-5858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025085857","display_name":"Hirotaka Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4634-1639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hirotaka Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4634-1639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451269","display_name":"Bing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5055-8921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5055-8921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.0281,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99285999,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"6","first_page":"2041","last_page":"2051"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11170","display_name":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11170","display_name":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10423","display_name":"Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10702","display_name":"Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insect-flight","display_name":"Insect flight","score":0.7793028354644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flapping","display_name":"Flapping","score":0.5755125284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.49106264114379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climbing","display_name":"Climbing","score":0.4813862144947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.46332401037216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4567093253135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wing","display_name":"Wing","score":0.4412006139755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3445780575275421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30745065212249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2628712058067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.22851711511611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.11553287506103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.08373382687568665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777314717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425266","display_name":"Insect flight","level":3,"score":0.7793028354644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780444116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6057443","display_name":"Flapping","level":3,"score":0.5755125284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.49106264114379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95038775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22857","display_name":"Climbing","level":2,"score":0.4813862144947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.46332401037216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4567093253135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97257150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161358","display_name":"Wing","level":2,"score":0.4412006139755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3445780575275421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30745065212249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2628712058067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.22851711511611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.11553287506103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.08373382687568665}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2021.3070983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2021.3070983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1546-1904","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4151178955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51905120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G46700013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2017-T2-2-067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56457934","https://openalex.org/W953837384","https://openalex.org/W1971392077","https://openalex.org/W1972905556","https://openalex.org/W1987254382","https://openalex.org/W1987996887","https://openalex.org/W2004717812","https://openalex.org/W2010224698","https://openalex.org/W2011164938","https://openalex.org/W2022330559","https://openalex.org/W2028741093","https://openalex.org/W2029745998","https://openalex.org/W2039305132","https://openalex.org/W2048948114","https://openalex.org/W2059416974","https://openalex.org/W2077884113","https://openalex.org/W2079283009","https://openalex.org/W2086207362","https://openalex.org/W2100544198","https://openalex.org/W2107020089","https://openalex.org/W2121968167","https://openalex.org/W2122929345","https://openalex.org/W2134694961","https://openalex.org/W2148970654","https://openalex.org/W2155185179","https://openalex.org/W2159133821","https://openalex.org/W2161518444","https://openalex.org/W2163659869","https://openalex.org/W2319020379","https://openalex.org/W2327636152","https://openalex.org/W2328142912","https://openalex.org/W2339009533","https://openalex.org/W2510413191","https://openalex.org/W2527617920","https://openalex.org/W2562994644","https://openalex.org/W2576286642","https://openalex.org/W2742138873","https://openalex.org/W2765248538","https://openalex.org/W2802735406","https://openalex.org/W2898271082","https://openalex.org/W2901688099","https://openalex.org/W2919027111","https://openalex.org/W2928691265","https://openalex.org/W2971456321","https://openalex.org/W2979060799","https://openalex.org/W2987068209","https://openalex.org/W2991456257","https://openalex.org/W3004943924","https://openalex.org/W3102009167","https://openalex.org/W6624854137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970032862","https://openalex.org/W2945493325","https://openalex.org/W2015457592","https://openalex.org/W2624852988","https://openalex.org/W2123877307","https://openalex.org/W2972082501","https://openalex.org/W139646170","https://openalex.org/W2808030075","https://openalex.org/W2051788799","https://openalex.org/W1976686391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unlike":[0],"biomimetic":[1],"methods,":[2],"the":[3,71,79,96,105,111,115,130,139,152,165,173,181,191],"insect\u2013computer":[4],"hybrid":[5,15,45],"is":[6,16],"an":[7,50],"alternative":[8],"approach":[9],"to":[10,69,109,163],"developing":[11],"insect-scale":[12],"robots.":[13],"Insect\u2013computer":[14],"a":[17,21,25,37,44,149,157,185],"technique":[18],"that":[19,95,127],"transforms":[20],"living":[22],"insect":[23],"into":[24,43],"controllable":[26],"robot":[27],"by":[28,48],"embedding":[29],"it":[30],"with":[31,78],"artificial":[32],"devices.":[33],"In":[34,137,178],"this":[35,179],"article,":[36,180],"beetle":[38,187],"(Mecynorrhina":[39],"torquata)":[40],"was":[41,161,188],"transformed":[42],"flying":[46],"system":[47],"mounting":[49],"electronic":[51],"backpack":[52],"and":[53,64,87,175],"implanting":[54],"electrodes":[55],"on":[56,118,172],"it.":[57],"Wing":[58],"trajectories":[59,83],"during":[60,122],"fictive":[61],"flight":[62,65],"climbing":[63],"diving":[66],"were":[67],"captured":[68],"investigate":[70],"natural":[72],"flight-height":[73,167],"control":[74,183],"of":[75,129,151,184],"beetles.":[76],"Compare":[77],"electrically":[80],"induced":[81],"wing":[82],"via":[84],"basalar,":[85],"subalar,":[86],"third":[88],"axillary":[89],"(3Ax)":[90],"muscle":[91,120,132,141],"stimulations,":[92],"we":[93,125],"hypothesized":[94],"basalar":[97,131,174],"muscles":[98,107],"are":[99],"involved":[100],"in":[101],"ascending":[102],"flight,":[103],"whereas":[104],"3Ax":[106,140,176],"function":[108,150],"reduce":[110],"flight-height.":[112],"By":[113],"reproducing":[114],"electrical":[116,153,170],"stimulations":[117,128],"bilateral":[119],"pairs":[121],"free":[123],"flights,":[124],"found":[126],"pair":[133],"increased":[134],"vertical":[135,145],"accelerations.":[136],"contrast,":[138],"pair's":[142],"stimulation":[143,154],"decreased":[144],"accelerations":[146],"gradually":[147],"as":[148],"frequency.":[155],"Accordingly,":[156],"proportional-derivative":[158],"feedback":[159],"controller":[160],"proposed":[162],"maintain":[164],"beetles'":[166],"using":[168],"frequency-dependent":[169],"pulses":[171],"muscles.":[177],"altitude":[182],"free-flying":[186],"demonstrated":[189],"for":[190],"first":[192],"time.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
