{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982384915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2019.2946724","title":"Statistics-Based Automated Control for a Swarm of Paramagnetic Nanoparticles in 2-D Space","display_name":"Statistics-Based Automated Control for a Swarm of Paramagnetic Nanoparticles in 2-D Space","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982384915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2019.2946724","mag":"2982384915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2019.2946724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2019.2946724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001610911","display_name":"Lidong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5757-7885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lidong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070983260","display_name":"Jiangfan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-6744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangfan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425709","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-8962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine and CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine and CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001610911"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8297,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98459865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":"254","last_page":"270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.8201937675476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-robotics","display_name":"Swarm robotics","score":0.7190244197845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6100263595581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.504550576210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.4877663254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4803268015384674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45260798931121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-control","display_name":"Motion control","score":0.44903963804244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4155203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.39920103549957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3665795624256134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36051279306411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25271421670913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.112408846616745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09055018424987793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.8201937675476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169337768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446723","display_name":"Swarm robotics","level":3,"score":0.7190244197845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6100263595581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.504550576210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.4877663254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4803268015384674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45260798931121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145565327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852514","display_name":"Motion control","level":3,"score":0.44903963804244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4155203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.39920103549957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3665795624256134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36051279306411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25271421670913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.112408846616745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09055018424987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2019.2946724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2019.2946724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1951717626","https://openalex.org/W1965640670","https://openalex.org/W1973078839","https://openalex.org/W1976221960","https://openalex.org/W1980304178","https://openalex.org/W1987336727","https://openalex.org/W1991731904","https://openalex.org/W1992046036","https://openalex.org/W1999578039","https://openalex.org/W2007646080","https://openalex.org/W2030775133","https://openalex.org/W2048294234","https://openalex.org/W2056804195","https://openalex.org/W2059949266","https://openalex.org/W2063377555","https://openalex.org/W2089664648","https://openalex.org/W2092849848","https://openalex.org/W2094796932","https://openalex.org/W2094904022","https://openalex.org/W2102987757","https://openalex.org/W2108304290","https://openalex.org/W2137772817","https://openalex.org/W2137820585","https://openalex.org/W2138641132","https://openalex.org/W2140427427","https://openalex.org/W2142423459","https://openalex.org/W2168046319","https://openalex.org/W2230652337","https://openalex.org/W2327928095","https://openalex.org/W2515051096","https://openalex.org/W2556122474","https://openalex.org/W2566310330","https://openalex.org/W2581684883","https://openalex.org/W2583942594","https://openalex.org/W2588307016","https://openalex.org/W2594355207","https://openalex.org/W2597200469","https://openalex.org/W2598148925","https://openalex.org/W2608280010","https://openalex.org/W2609596279","https://openalex.org/W2611552586","https://openalex.org/W2742603488","https://openalex.org/W2759438313","https://openalex.org/W2766431229","https://openalex.org/W2768894615","https://openalex.org/W2770449782","https://openalex.org/W2779811634","https://openalex.org/W2783069514","https://openalex.org/W2785228050","https://openalex.org/W2787690100","https://openalex.org/W2806432597","https://openalex.org/W2811228695","https://openalex.org/W2884067437","https://openalex.org/W2884519054","https://openalex.org/W2886401384","https://openalex.org/W2886974401","https://openalex.org/W2888202977","https://openalex.org/W2898681393","https://openalex.org/W2910741691","https://openalex.org/W2923870875","https://openalex.org/W2924849247","https://openalex.org/W2963596362","https://openalex.org/W4206275677","https://openalex.org/W4237950581","https://openalex.org/W6753799828"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1871202614","https://openalex.org/W4233987368","https://openalex.org/W2518382144","https://openalex.org/W1988876749","https://openalex.org/W3094438089","https://openalex.org/W65954170","https://openalex.org/W1600534566","https://openalex.org/W2350154411","https://openalex.org/W4229451618","https://openalex.org/W617387166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Swarm":[0],"control":[1,13,58,73,194,221,248],"is":[2,152,168,199],"one":[3],"of":[4,14,41,50,74,77,100,137,159,216,222,242,249],"the":[5,11,38,70,81,95,115,122,132,138,160,165,173,188,197,217,223,235,240,243],"primary":[6],"challenges":[7],"in":[8,44,154,187,246],"microrobotics.":[9],"For":[10],"automated":[12,72,192,247],"such":[15],"a":[16,45,65,75,101,146,148,227],"microrobotic":[17],"system":[18],"with":[19,172],"small":[20],"size":[21],"and":[22,31,47,53,59,68,89,120,134,164,220],"large":[23],"population,":[24],"conventional":[25],"methods":[26],"using":[27,234],"precise":[28],"robot":[29],"models":[30],"robot-robot":[32],"communications":[33],"lose":[34],"effectiveness":[35],"due":[36],"to":[37,117,131,143],"complex":[39],"locomotion":[40],"micro/nano":[42],"agents":[43],"swarm":[46,76,82,96,103,126,229],"difficult":[48],"implementation":[49],"onboard":[51],"actuators":[52],"sensors":[54],"for":[55,196,226],"individual":[56],"motion":[57,60,87,193],"feedback.":[61],"This":[62],"article":[63],"proposes":[64],"statistics-based":[66,149],"approach":[67],"reports":[69],"fully":[71],"paramagnetic":[78,124,250],"nanoparticles":[79,183],"including":[80],"pattern":[83],"formation,":[84],"identification,":[85],"tracking,":[86],"control,":[88,177],"real-time":[90,214],"distribution":[91,136,167,218,224],"monitoring/control.":[92],"By":[93],"establishing":[94],"statistics,":[97],"collective":[98],"behaviors":[99],"nanoparticle":[102,125,139,228,251],"can":[104,184],"be":[105,185],"quantitatively":[106],"analyzed":[107],"by":[108,233],"computers.":[109],"Algorithms":[110],"are":[111,162,230],"designed":[112],"based":[113],"on":[114],"statistics":[116],"automatically":[118],"generate":[119],"identify":[121],"vortex-like":[123],"(VPNS),":[127],"which":[128,155,201],"present":[129],"robustness":[130],"dose":[133],"initial":[135],"swarm.":[140],"In":[141],"order":[142],"robustly":[144],"track":[145],"VPNS,":[147],"tracking":[150,205],"method":[151,245],"proposed,":[153],"500":[156],"boundary":[157],"points":[158],"VPNS":[161,166,198],"extracted":[163],"optimally":[169],"recognized.":[170],"And,":[171],"proposed":[174,200,244],"gathering":[175],"improvement":[176],"experiments":[178],"show":[179],"that":[180],"over":[181],"70%":[182],"gathered":[186],"VPNS.":[189],"Furthermore,":[190],"an":[191],"scheme":[195],"shows":[202],"high-accuracy":[203],"trajectory":[204],"performance":[206],"(tracking":[207],"error:":[208],"<;":[209],"5%":[210],"body":[211],"length).":[212],"Besides,":[213],"monitoring":[215],"region/density":[219],"area":[225],"also":[231],"realized":[232],"statistics.":[236],"Experimental":[237],"results":[238],"validate":[239],"feasibility":[241],"swarms.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
