{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2618150712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2017.2706285","title":"Modeling of Viscoelastic Electromechanical Behavior in a Soft Dielectric Elastomer Actuator","display_name":"Modeling of Viscoelastic Electromechanical Behavior in a Soft Dielectric Elastomer Actuator","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2618150712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2017.2706285","mag":"2618150712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2017.2706285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2017.2706285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1546-1904","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070063268","display_name":"Guoying Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-4523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo-Ying Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009170584","display_name":"Ujjaval Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-4189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ujjaval Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102014307","display_name":"Jian Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8765-6026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Li-Min Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Min Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078125284","display_name":"Xiangyang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-6636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7409,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":194,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98318601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"5","first_page":"1263","last_page":"1271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10107","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viscoelasticity","display_name":"Viscoelasticity","score":0.8367091417312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creep","display_name":"Creep","score":0.7090553045272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6504722237586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-elastomers","display_name":"Dielectric elastomers","score":0.6442751288414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissipative-system","display_name":"Dissipative system","score":0.6424368619918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hysteresis","display_name":"Hysteresis","score":0.6371674537658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6159788966178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutive-equation","display_name":"Constitutive equation","score":0.5935804843902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.5904293656349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastomer","display_name":"Elastomer","score":0.5366688370704651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.492135226726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.48740699887275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.48490744829177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.47924402356147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4308382570743561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-material","display_name":"Smart material","score":0.4286488890647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-equilibrium-thermodynamics","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","score":0.42659685015678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.34435945749282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24821656942367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.24183350801467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21342328190803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.16576936841011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.15681806206703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.14184048771858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condensed-matter-physics","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","score":0.13354915380477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09709477424621582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186541917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910483","display_name":"Viscoelasticity","level":2,"score":0.8367091417312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149912024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462188","display_name":"Creep","level":2,"score":0.7090553045272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6504722237586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51044723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3278107","display_name":"Dielectric elastomers","level":3,"score":0.6442751288414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99692599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596577","display_name":"Dissipative system","level":2,"score":0.6424368619918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123299182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190837","display_name":"Hysteresis","level":2,"score":0.6371674537658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6159788966178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937401","display_name":"Constitutive equation","level":3,"score":0.5935804843902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.5904293656349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38052585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266","display_name":"Elastomer","level":2,"score":0.5366688370704651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.492135226726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.48740699887275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.48490744829177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.47924402356147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4308382570743561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88484716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679","display_name":"Smart material","level":2,"score":0.4286488890647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74859849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.42659685015678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34435945749282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24821656942367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.24183350801467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21342328190803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.16576936841011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.15681806206703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.14184048771858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.13354915380477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09709477424621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tro.2017.2706285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2017.2706285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144620930","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","issn_l":"1552-3098","issn":["1552-3098","1546-1904","1941-0468"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2102965802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16JC1401000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5750729555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51622506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6154971310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51620105002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515749184","https://openalex.org/W1528510732","https://openalex.org/W1608463984","https://openalex.org/W1696514235","https://openalex.org/W1902605501","https://openalex.org/W1969107377","https://openalex.org/W1977792304","https://openalex.org/W1980074047","https://openalex.org/W1987329383","https://openalex.org/W1992812695","https://openalex.org/W1995082860","https://openalex.org/W2006324730","https://openalex.org/W2006877422","https://openalex.org/W2010745100","https://openalex.org/W2015128267","https://openalex.org/W2020827074","https://openalex.org/W2036105802","https://openalex.org/W2051722526","https://openalex.org/W2058961403","https://openalex.org/W2067275032","https://openalex.org/W2069161232","https://openalex.org/W2090896416","https://openalex.org/W2099397827","https://openalex.org/W2116347266","https://openalex.org/W2120486607","https://openalex.org/W2123610359","https://openalex.org/W2134165475","https://openalex.org/W2135994829","https://openalex.org/W2148983644","https://openalex.org/W2158081646","https://openalex.org/W2159613833","https://openalex.org/W2160098057","https://openalex.org/W2162814118","https://openalex.org/W2166445683","https://openalex.org/W2203149049","https://openalex.org/W2260089692","https://openalex.org/W2262841234","https://openalex.org/W2294111085","https://openalex.org/W2294898062","https://openalex.org/W2337157527","https://openalex.org/W2517802224","https://openalex.org/W2582609323","https://openalex.org/W4233227660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202488372","https://openalex.org/W1496010949","https://openalex.org/W2044250802","https://openalex.org/W2922175021","https://openalex.org/W2043852716","https://openalex.org/W2626229370","https://openalex.org/W1997741049","https://openalex.org/W2768288725","https://openalex.org/W2040221793","https://openalex.org/W2112289900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soft":[0],"dielectric":[1],"elastomer":[2],"actuators":[3,23],"(DEAs)":[4],"exhibit":[5],"interesting":[6],"muscle-like":[7],"behavior":[8],"for":[9,185,222],"the":[10,71,94,99,109,119,126,140,160,165,168,173,176,204,210,213,230],"development":[11],"of":[12,44,59,75,101,108,148,167,175,203,212,224,235],"soft":[13,22,77,236],"robots.":[14,237],"However,":[15],"it":[16,156],"is":[17,54,80,123,150,170,192],"challenging":[18],"to":[19,25,56,82,92,232],"model":[20,191],"these":[21,186],"due":[24],"their":[26],"material":[27,48],"nonlinearity,":[28],"nonlinear":[29],"electromechanical":[30,73],"coupling,":[31],"and":[32,47,85,122,135,155,179,206,228],"time-dependent":[33,95],"viscoelastic":[34,187,226],"behavior.":[35],"Most":[36],"recent":[37],"studies":[38],"on":[39,42,98],"DEAs":[40],"focus":[41],"issues":[43],"mechanics,":[45],"physics,":[46],"science,":[49],"while":[50],"much":[51],"less":[52,137],"importance":[53],"given":[55],"quantitative":[57,201],"characterization":[58],"DEAs.":[60],"In":[61,104],"this":[62,105],"paper,":[63,106],"we":[64],"present":[65],"a":[66,76,87,145,189,225],"detailed":[67],"experimental":[68,205],"investigation":[69],"probing":[70],"voltage-induced":[72],"response":[74],"DEA":[78,227],"that":[79],"subjected":[81],"cyclic":[83],"loading":[84],"propose":[86],"general":[88],"constitutive":[89,190],"modeling":[90,217],"approach":[91,218],"characterize":[93],"response,":[96],"based":[97],"principles":[100],"nonequilibrium":[102,198],"thermodynamics.":[103],"some":[107],"key":[110],"observations":[111],"are":[112],"found":[113],"as":[114],"follows:":[115],"1)":[116],"Creep":[117],"exhibits":[118],"drift":[120],"phenomenon,":[121],"dominant":[124,138],"during":[125,152],"first":[127,141,161],"three":[128],"cycles.":[129],"The":[130,200],"creep":[131],"decreases":[132],"over":[133],"time":[134],"becomes":[136,157],"after":[139,159,181],"few":[142,162],"cycles;":[143,163],"2)":[144],"significant":[146],"amount":[147],"hysteresis":[149],"observed":[151],"all":[153],"cycles":[154],"repeatable":[158],"3)":[164],"peak":[166,174],"displacement":[169],"shifted":[171],"from":[172],"voltage":[177],"signal":[178],"occurs":[180],"it.":[182],"To":[183],"account":[184],"phenomena,":[188],"developed":[193,214],"by":[194],"employing":[195],"several":[196],"dissipative":[197],"mechanisms.":[199],"comparisons":[202],"simulation":[207],"results":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"effectiveness":[211],"model.":[215],"This":[216],"can":[219],"be":[220],"useful":[221],"control":[223],"paves":[229],"way":[231],"emerging":[233],"applications":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}