{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416839779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2026.3668946","title":"InsightX Agent: An LMM-Based Agentic Framework With Integrated Tools for Reliable X-Ray NDT Analysis","display_name":"InsightX Agent: An LMM-Based Agentic Framework With Integrated Tools for Reliable X-Ray NDT Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416839779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2026.3668946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2026.3668946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2026.3668946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.14899","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiale Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5881-3118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiale Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5881-3118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-5314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-5314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100333730","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5375-7256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoyu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1600-9512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1600-9512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032732168","display_name":"Jiaxiang Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7874-4336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhiliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4133-8230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4133-8230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070592593","display_name":"Min Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8500-8364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8500-8364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.449,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9233553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":null,"first_page":"1455","last_page":"1468"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.41749998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.41749998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.14010000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.05490000173449516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8252000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6256999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5916000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-assurance","display_name":"Quality assurance","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.38530001044273376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8252000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6256999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5916000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2026.3668946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2026.3668946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.14899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14899","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.14899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.14899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.14899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.14899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.14899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14899","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.14899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5955219055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11202224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7952525825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11201023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8480075769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72371215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336736","display_name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416839779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416839779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-destructive":[0],"testing":[1],"(NDT),":[2],"particularly":[3],"X-ray":[4,55,115],"inspection,":[5],"is":[6],"vital":[7],"for":[8,23,226],"industrial":[9,227],"quality":[10,145],"assurance,":[11],"yet":[12],"existing":[13],"deep-learning-based":[14],"approaches":[15],"often":[16],"lack":[17],"interactivity,":[18],"interpretability,":[19],"and":[20,29,53,84,101,144,149,158,177,213],"the":[21,78,85,125,151,188,219],"capacity":[22],"critical":[24],"self-assessment,":[25],"limiting":[26],"their":[27],"reliability":[28,176],"operator":[30],"trust.":[31],"To":[32],"address":[33],"these":[34],"shortcomings,":[35],"this":[36],"paper":[37],"proposes":[38],"<sc":[39,62,162,193],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[40,63,163,194],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">InsightX":[41,64,164,195],"Agent</small>,":[42],"a":[43,67,73,129,200],"novel":[44],"LMM-based":[45,223],"agentic":[46,224],"framework":[47],"designed":[48],"to":[49,147,171],"deliver":[50],"reliable,":[51],"interpretable,":[52],"interactive":[54],"NDT":[56],"analysis.":[57],"Unlike":[58],"typical":[59],"sequential":[60],"pipelines,":[61],"Agent</small>":[65,165,196],"positions":[66],"Large":[68],"Multimodal":[69],"Model":[70],"(LMM)":[71],"as":[72],"central":[74],"orchestrator,":[75],"coordinating":[76],"between":[77],"Sparse":[79],"Deformable":[80],"Multi-Scale":[81],"Detector":[82],"(SDMSD)":[83],"Evidence-Grounded":[86],"Reflection":[87],"(EGR)":[88],"tool.":[89],"The":[90,121],"SDMSD":[91],"generates":[92],"dense":[93,112],"defect":[94,137],"region":[95],"proposals":[96],"from":[97],"multi-scale":[98],"feature":[99],"maps":[100],"sparsifies":[102],"them":[103],"through":[104,128],"Non-Maximum":[105],"Suppression":[106],"(NMS),":[107],"optimizing":[108],"detection":[109,203],"of":[110,205,222],"small,":[111],"targets":[113],"in":[114,215],"images":[116],"while":[117],"maintaining":[118],"computational":[119],"efficiency.":[120],"EGR":[122],"tool":[123],"guides":[124],"LMM":[126],"agent":[127],"chain-of-thought-inspired":[130],"review":[131],"process,":[132],"incorporating":[133],"context":[134],"assessment,":[135],"individual":[136],"analysis,":[138],"false":[139],"positive":[140],"elimination,":[141],"confidence":[142],"recalibration":[143],"assurance":[146],"validate":[148],"refine":[150],"SDMSD's":[152],"initial":[153],"proposals.":[154],"By":[155],"strategically":[156],"employing":[157],"intelligently":[159],"using":[160],"tools,":[161],"moves":[166],"beyond":[167],"passive":[168],"data":[169],"processing":[170],"active":[172],"reasoning,":[173],"enhancing":[174],"diagnostic":[175],"providing":[178],"interpretations":[179],"that":[180,192],"integrate":[181],"diverse":[182],"information":[183],"sources.":[184],"Experimental":[185],"evaluations":[186],"on":[187],"GDXray+":[189],"dataset":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"not":[197],"only":[198],"achieves":[199],"high":[201],"object":[202],"F1-score":[204],"96.54%":[206],"but":[207],"also":[208],"offers":[209],"significantly":[210],"improved":[211],"interpretability":[212],"trustworthiness":[214],"its":[216],"analyses,":[217],"highlighting":[218],"transformative":[220],"potential":[221],"frameworks":[225],"inspection":[228],"tasks.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
