{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413977999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2025.3599868","title":"Decentralized Event-Driven Reliability Control Using Reinforcement Learning: A Homomorphic Encryption Scheme","display_name":"Decentralized Event-Driven Reliability Control Using Reinforcement Learning: A Homomorphic Encryption Scheme","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413977999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2025.3599868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2025.3599868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2025.3599868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414692","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-3002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137056471","display_name":"Nanjing University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/031y8am81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-3002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018793284","display_name":"Shuailong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5785-2517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137056471","display_name":"Nanjing University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/031y8am81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuailong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5785-2517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766086","display_name":"Jinliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5489-0246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137056471","display_name":"Nanjing University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/031y8am81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5489-0246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050172715","display_name":"Engang Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8169-5347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Engang Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8169-5347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338486","display_name":"Chen Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3652-2233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3652-2233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24731563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":null,"first_page":"570","last_page":"580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9161999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9161999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8552231788635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6908614039421082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.676141619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.646636962890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6207385659217834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5675855278968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.45975351333618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-theory","display_name":"Reliability theory","score":0.44952598214149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.41807079315185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39876696467399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.39032334089279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3853132128715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23936966061592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2209804356098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-rate","display_name":"Failure rate","score":0.14801698923110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1362254023551941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8552231788635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6908614039421082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.676141619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.646636962890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6207385659217834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5675855278968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.45975351333618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201729545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability theory","level":3,"score":0.44952598214149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.41807079315185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39876696467399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.39032334089279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3853132128715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23936966061592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2209804356098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163164238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737027","display_name":"Failure rate","level":2,"score":0.14801698923110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1362254023551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2025.3599868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2025.3599868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4812030389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5557211951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6112547109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024r063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","funder_display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6230905231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024310229","https://openalex.org/W2065544049","https://openalex.org/W2608120938","https://openalex.org/W2613420336","https://openalex.org/W2767111848","https://openalex.org/W2792416229","https://openalex.org/W2921163467","https://openalex.org/W2929654589","https://openalex.org/W2944734899","https://openalex.org/W2957851562","https://openalex.org/W3016473151","https://openalex.org/W3017077364","https://openalex.org/W3034966256","https://openalex.org/W3041719080","https://openalex.org/W3052359382","https://openalex.org/W3087767325","https://openalex.org/W3121876501","https://openalex.org/W3154503377","https://openalex.org/W3154770193","https://openalex.org/W3158749492","https://openalex.org/W3163834684","https://openalex.org/W3187444544","https://openalex.org/W3199318942","https://openalex.org/W3201329083","https://openalex.org/W4282931608","https://openalex.org/W4285276384","https://openalex.org/W4312692127","https://openalex.org/W4313203594","https://openalex.org/W4319996364","https://openalex.org/W4361292557","https://openalex.org/W4361861274","https://openalex.org/W4362500725","https://openalex.org/W4367663346","https://openalex.org/W4386534883","https://openalex.org/W4387245220","https://openalex.org/W4388895126","https://openalex.org/W4389903416","https://openalex.org/W4391620691","https://openalex.org/W4391807011","https://openalex.org/W4392901782","https://openalex.org/W4394627224","https://openalex.org/W4400188267","https://openalex.org/W4401539871","https://openalex.org/W4403918305","https://openalex.org/W4404167869"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408218896","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W4407007798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,24,30,68,72,86,101,104,115,118,125,143,146],"decentralized":[4,19,120],"adaptive":[5],"event-driven":[6],"(AED)":[7],"reliability":[8],"control":[9,21,32,121],"problem":[10],"for":[11,23,33,43,108],"nonlinear":[12],"interconnected":[13],"systems":[14],"(NISs)":[15],"with":[16,60],"privacy-preserving.":[17],"The":[18,57],"optimal":[20,31],"strategy":[22],"whole":[25,126],"system":[26],"is":[27,41,64],"formulated":[28],"by":[29,53,112],"nominal":[34],"subsystems,":[35],"where":[36],"an":[37],"AED":[38],"homomorphic":[39,62],"cryptosystem":[40,59],"implemented":[42],"each":[44],"subsystem":[45],"to":[46,66,79,97,100,128,141],"alleviate":[47],"network":[48],"burden":[49],"while":[50],"achieving":[51],"security":[52],"encrypting":[54],"transmitted":[55],"signals.":[56],"Paillier":[58],"additive":[61],"properties":[63],"introduced":[65],"conceal":[67],"original":[69],"data.":[70],"Therefore,":[71],"transformed":[73],"Hamilton\u2013Jacobi\u2013Bellman":[74],"equations":[75],"(HJBE)":[76],"are":[77,139],"constructed":[78],"facilitate":[80],"cooperative":[81],"optimization":[82,148],"across":[83],"subsystems":[84],"within":[85],"framework":[87],"of":[88,114,137,145],"reinforcement":[89],"learning.":[90],"Subsequently,":[91],"we":[92],"leverage":[93],"single":[94],"critic":[95],"networks":[96],"derive":[98],"solutions":[99],"HJBE,":[102],"utilizing":[103],"experience":[105],"replay":[106],"approach":[107],"weight":[109],"updates.":[110],"Furthermore,":[111],"virtue":[113],"Lyapunov":[116],"function,":[117],"derived":[119],"law":[122],"can":[123],"force":[124],"NIS":[127],"be":[129],"uniformly":[130],"ultimately":[131],"bounded":[132],"stable.":[133],"Eventually,":[134],"numerical":[135],"examples":[136],"NISs":[138],"provided":[140],"illustrate":[142],"effectiveness":[144],"proposed":[147],"algorithm.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-17T23:10:49.606395","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}