{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390873777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2023.3348951","title":"L-TLA: A Lightweight Driver Distraction Detection Method Based on Three-Level Attention Mechanisms","display_name":"L-TLA: A Lightweight Driver Distraction Detection Method Based on Three-Level Attention Mechanisms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390873777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2023.3348951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2023.3348951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2023.3348951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039573083","display_name":"Zizheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0724-5356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zizheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation and Logistics, National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, and Comprehensive Transportation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation and Logistics, National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, and Comprehensive Transportation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046300622","display_name":"Qing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-4342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation and Logistics, National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, and Comprehensive Transportation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-4342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation and Logistics, National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, and Comprehensive Transportation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044211780","display_name":"Lin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9358-0264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9358-0264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101552930","display_name":"Zhenning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0877-6829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0877-6829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030291480","display_name":"Guofa Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-4695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guofa Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-4695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2317,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97390551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"1731","last_page":"1742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.9394821524620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7225780487060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6036336421966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5381932854652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.536481499671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.4794396460056305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distracted-driving","display_name":"Distracted driving","score":0.43095099925994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.42432278394699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.361466646194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3452990651130676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.9394821524620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7225780487060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6036336421966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5381932854652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.536481499671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.4794396460056305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776465824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283083","display_name":"Distracted driving","level":3,"score":0.43095099925994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.42432278394699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.361466646194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3452990651130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2023.3348951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2023.3348951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2810846459","display_name":"\u9ad8\u94c1\u53f8\u673a\u8b66\u89c9\u5ea6\u8ba1\u7b97\u53ca\u5371\u9669\u9884\u8b66\u542f\u52a8\u673a\u7406\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"52072320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G285167931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0985","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7224410949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52272421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2766726992","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2963989036","https://openalex.org/W2974061428","https://openalex.org/W2995797934","https://openalex.org/W3003487961","https://openalex.org/W3010874390","https://openalex.org/W3047930837","https://openalex.org/W3081228098","https://openalex.org/W3120702710","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3145450063","https://openalex.org/W3148079240","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3181903280","https://openalex.org/W3190492058","https://openalex.org/W4205727782","https://openalex.org/W4212991495","https://openalex.org/W4213019189","https://openalex.org/W4214588794","https://openalex.org/W4226412070","https://openalex.org/W4226514331","https://openalex.org/W4281263628","https://openalex.org/W4282837345","https://openalex.org/W4286579648","https://openalex.org/W4291034805","https://openalex.org/W4291237172","https://openalex.org/W4312277890","https://openalex.org/W4312671791","https://openalex.org/W4313170858","https://openalex.org/W4313334502","https://openalex.org/W4317240942","https://openalex.org/W4318825225","https://openalex.org/W4386270566","https://openalex.org/W4389252765","https://openalex.org/W4389610024","https://openalex.org/W6740710302","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6774670964","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779977557","https://openalex.org/W6811041508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W626594146","https://openalex.org/W2051187670","https://openalex.org/W2891960815","https://openalex.org/W2946368029","https://openalex.org/W2169604921","https://openalex.org/W2901013762","https://openalex.org/W3134108314","https://openalex.org/W3014797439","https://openalex.org/W4394006065","https://openalex.org/W2783719297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driver":[0],"distraction":[1,12,41,46,55,74,196],"is":[2,13,102,176],"a":[3,71,89,191],"significant":[4],"factor":[5],"leading":[6],"to":[7,53,104,150,184],"traffic":[8],"accidents.":[9],"Detecting":[10],"driver":[11,20,40,73,195],"crucial":[14],"for":[15,39,178],"the":[16,25,54,62,108,111,116,121,125,137,141,185],"development":[17,26,186],"of":[18,27,110,127,140,187],"advanced":[19,31],"assistance":[21],"systems":[22],"(ADAS).":[23],"With":[24],"deep":[28],"learning":[29],"techniques,":[30],"computer":[32],"vision":[33,91],"technologies":[34],"have":[35],"been":[36],"continuously":[37],"applied":[38],"detection.":[42,197],"To":[43,65],"date,":[44],"most":[45],"detection":[47,75],"approaches":[48],"cannot":[49],"well":[50],"be":[51],"adapted":[52,103],"behaviors":[56],"that":[57,84,161],"are":[58,148],"not":[59],"included":[60],"in":[61,167],"training":[63],"dataset.":[64],"address":[66],"this":[67],"problem,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"lightweight":[72,90,174],"method":[76,163],"using":[77],"semisupervised":[78],"contrastive":[79],"learning.":[80],"Unlike":[81],"other":[82,170],"studies":[83],"rely":[85],"on":[86,194],"large-scale":[87],"models,":[88],"transformer":[92],"with":[93,169],"convolutional":[94],"neural":[95],"network":[96,114],"(CNN)":[97],"obtained":[98],"by":[99],"knowledge":[100],"distillation":[101],"extract":[105],"features,":[106],"and":[107,134,145,152,189],"design":[109],"dual-stream":[112],"backbone":[113],"increases":[115],"generalization":[117],"ability":[118],"without":[119],"increasing":[120],"computational":[122],"burden.":[123],"Furthermore,":[124],"combination":[126],"three-level":[128],"attention":[129],"mechanisms":[130],"(i.e.,":[131],"channel-level,":[132],"spatial-level,":[133],"batch-level)":[135],"enhances":[136],"representative":[138],"power":[139],"model.":[142],"Both":[143],"depth":[144],"RGB":[146],"datasets":[147],"used":[149],"train":[151],"test":[153],"our":[154,162],"proposed":[155],"method.":[156],"The":[157],"experimental":[158],"results":[159],"show":[160],"shows":[164],"superior":[165],"performance":[166],"comparison":[168],"state-of-the-art":[171],"methods.":[172],"Its":[173],"architecture":[175],"suitable":[177],"practical":[179],"applications.":[180],"This":[181],"study":[182],"contributes":[183],"ADAS":[188],"provides":[190],"new":[192],"perspective":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
