{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226082918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2022.3155183","title":"SPE$^{2}$: Self-Paced Ensemble of Ensembles for Software Defect Prediction","display_name":"SPE$^{2}$: Self-Paced Ensemble of Ensembles for Software Defect Prediction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226082918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2022.3155183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2022.3155183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2022.3155183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091107012","display_name":"Xiaohui Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-8570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-8570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459073","display_name":"Zheng Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-9067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-9067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077886381","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-3232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-3232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091107012"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7854,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95267916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"2","first_page":"865","last_page":"879"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6664376258850098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6498231887817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6135814189910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49854111671447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.4825815260410309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4680711030960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4580466151237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32538825273513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20729196071624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2000914216041565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.09059742093086243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6664376258850098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6498231887817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6135814189910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49854111671447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.4825815260410309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4680711030960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4580466151237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32538825273513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20729196071624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2000914216041565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.09059742093086243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2022.3155183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2022.3155183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2896924447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7682846489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168970045","https://openalex.org/W1495180973","https://openalex.org/W1496056137","https://openalex.org/W1505648523","https://openalex.org/W1563938718","https://openalex.org/W1797580880","https://openalex.org/W1902482618","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W2017439596","https://openalex.org/W2021688474","https://openalex.org/W2022477494","https://openalex.org/W2046830558","https://openalex.org/W2048456683","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2056601071","https://openalex.org/W2065547122","https://openalex.org/W2072858195","https://openalex.org/W2074218040","https://openalex.org/W2087240369","https://openalex.org/W2090954654","https://openalex.org/W2096945460","https://openalex.org/W2100208452","https://openalex.org/W2101227285","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2104167780","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2105300539","https://openalex.org/W2105776892","https://openalex.org/W2106615747","https://openalex.org/W2115629999","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2120457925","https://openalex.org/W2122892819","https://openalex.org/W2124951716","https://openalex.org/W2125877832","https://openalex.org/W2132318217","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2135198476","https://openalex.org/W2136256517","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2150874999","https://openalex.org/W2150918644","https://openalex.org/W2151666086","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W2158744032","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2160988203","https://openalex.org/W2163667253","https://openalex.org/W2171629518","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2367798545","https://openalex.org/W2599212561","https://openalex.org/W2726443204","https://openalex.org/W2731935965","https://openalex.org/W2791812915","https://openalex.org/W2795013017","https://openalex.org/W2801451195","https://openalex.org/W2889179608","https://openalex.org/W2896309543","https://openalex.org/W2898435572","https://openalex.org/W2900832447","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2916113523","https://openalex.org/W2945292267","https://openalex.org/W2963548617","https://openalex.org/W2973136425","https://openalex.org/W2980853106","https://openalex.org/W3005979163","https://openalex.org/W3031232306","https://openalex.org/W3101335903","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W4238859253","https://openalex.org/W4239863959","https://openalex.org/W4241005218","https://openalex.org/W4241879543","https://openalex.org/W4245807786","https://openalex.org/W4250023757","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6678735051","https://openalex.org/W6683897285","https://openalex.org/W6684863216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W4288754364","https://openalex.org/W4308734192","https://openalex.org/W4312831135","https://openalex.org/W4310720697","https://openalex.org/W2088791420","https://openalex.org/W4206403383","https://openalex.org/W2179540415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"defect":[1,76,161,200],"prediction":[2,15,77],"aims":[3,168],"to":[4,19,74,103,110,129,158,169],"predict":[5],"defect-prone":[6],"code":[7],"regions":[8],"automatically":[9],"before":[10],"defects":[11],"are":[12,59,108],"discovered.":[13],"Accurate":[14],"helps":[16],"software":[17,75,160],"practitioners":[18],"prioritize":[20],"their":[21],"testing":[22],"efforts.":[23],"In":[24],"recent":[25],"decades,":[26],"dozens":[27],"of":[28,55,63,82,122,133,148,174],"approaches":[29,84,196],"have":[30,47],"been":[31],"put":[32],"forward":[33],"and":[34,66,213,216,231],"acquired":[35],"good":[36],"results":[37],"in":[38,42,112],"this":[39],"field.":[40],"However,":[41],"practical":[43],"scenarios,":[44],"many":[45],"projects":[46],"limited":[48],"labeled":[49,57],"instances;":[50],"more":[51,217],"than":[52,221],"that,":[53],"most":[54],"these":[56,88],"instances":[58],"nondefective.":[60],"The":[61],"lack":[62],"training":[64],"data":[65],"class":[67],"imbalance":[68,134,142,194],"problem":[69],"together":[70],"bring":[71],"serious":[72],"challenges":[73],"tasks.":[78,136],"So":[79],"far,":[80],"few":[81],"prevailing":[83],"can":[85],"well":[86],"handle":[87],"two":[89],"difficulties":[90,132],"simultaneously.":[91],"One":[92],"important":[93],"reason":[94],"is":[95,156,189],"that":[96,204],"they":[97],"do":[98],"not":[99],"pay":[100],"adequate":[101],"attention":[102],"several":[104],"key":[105],"instances,":[106],"which":[107],"difficult":[109],"classify":[111],"a":[113,140,171],"small":[114],"imbalanced":[115],"dataset.":[116],"This":[117],"article":[118],"introduces":[119],"the":[120,211],"concept":[121],"\u201c":[123],"<italic":[124],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[125,152,165,186,207],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">instance":[126],"hardness</i>":[127],"\u201d":[128],"integrate":[130],"various":[131],"classification":[135],"Based":[137],"on":[138,197,226],"it,":[139],"novel":[141],"learning":[143,195],"framework":[144],"named":[145],"self-paced":[146,177],"ensemble":[147,173],"ensembles":[149,175],"(SPE":[150],"<inline-formula":[151,164,185,206],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[153,166,187,208],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[154,167,188,209],")":[155],"proposed":[157],"perform":[159],"prediction.":[162],"SPE":[163,184,205],"generate":[170],"strong":[172],"by":[176],"harmonizing":[178],"instance":[179],"hardness":[180],"via":[181],"undersampling.":[182],"Finally,":[183],"extensively":[190],"compared":[191],"with":[192],"eight":[193],"ten":[198],"open-source":[199],"datasets.":[201],"Experiments":[202],"indicate":[203],"improves":[210],"performance":[212],"achieves":[214],"better":[215],"significant":[218],"F-measure":[219],"values":[220],"its":[222],"existing":[223],"counterparts,":[224],"based":[225],"Brunner\u2019s":[227],"statistical":[228],"significance":[229],"test":[230],"Cliff\u2019s":[232],"effect":[233],"sizes.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
