{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204258858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2021.3093159","title":"How Developers Modify Pull Requests in Code Review","display_name":"How Developers Modify Pull Requests in Code Review","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204258858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2021.3093159","mag":"3204258858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2021.3093159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2021.3093159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044562617","display_name":"Jing Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6582-0654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6582-0654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102012391","display_name":"Jiangfeng Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-2211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangfeng Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-2211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082763558","display_name":"Jiateng Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiateng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114585361","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-5893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-5893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044562617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.139,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83502206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"1325","last_page":"1339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7025388479232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6781531572341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.576083242893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5705885887145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5634753108024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5270904302597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-review","display_name":"Code review","score":0.47224944829940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3800691068172455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.1783682405948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.16980019211769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.13011646270751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09613505005836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.08500954508781433}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7025388479232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6781531572341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.576083242893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5705885887145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5634753108024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5270904302597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.47224944829940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3800691068172455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.1783682405948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.16980019211769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.13011646270751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09613505005836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.08500954508781433}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2021.3093159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2021.3093159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4164304690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61732019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G663199051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKLSDE-2019ZX-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326978","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6745998302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YWF-20-BJ-J-1018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326978","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528177290","https://openalex.org/W1592081868","https://openalex.org/W1979050135","https://openalex.org/W1984080818","https://openalex.org/W2018638699","https://openalex.org/W2040915209","https://openalex.org/W2043694114","https://openalex.org/W2104577574","https://openalex.org/W2107564263","https://openalex.org/W2116228345","https://openalex.org/W2124100711","https://openalex.org/W2133561941","https://openalex.org/W2139092060","https://openalex.org/W2144160189","https://openalex.org/W2148854374","https://openalex.org/W2229220273","https://openalex.org/W2288177242","https://openalex.org/W2344367508","https://openalex.org/W2401620832","https://openalex.org/W2567878593","https://openalex.org/W2574100359","https://openalex.org/W2614198659","https://openalex.org/W2724265843","https://openalex.org/W2731814183","https://openalex.org/W2774157218","https://openalex.org/W2790705097","https://openalex.org/W2793878264","https://openalex.org/W2799596848","https://openalex.org/W2808098103","https://openalex.org/W2884659160","https://openalex.org/W2939025323","https://openalex.org/W2953630964","https://openalex.org/W2959310500","https://openalex.org/W2972039441","https://openalex.org/W2980382762","https://openalex.org/W2998502798","https://openalex.org/W2999118008","https://openalex.org/W3014394502","https://openalex.org/W3031335014","https://openalex.org/W3091115553","https://openalex.org/W4246032972","https://openalex.org/W4302596785","https://openalex.org/W6725620898","https://openalex.org/W6948017354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2344367508","https://openalex.org/W2904997879","https://openalex.org/W3081644756","https://openalex.org/W2097696338","https://openalex.org/W20188161","https://openalex.org/W4318539024","https://openalex.org/W2969773072","https://openalex.org/W2909969119","https://openalex.org/W4285169523","https://openalex.org/W2037843344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,44],"pull-based":[1,188],"development":[2],"process,":[3,33],"contributors":[4,41],"submit":[5],"their":[6,24],"code":[7,31,36,57,156,189],"to":[8,50,139,185],"open-source":[9],"projects":[10,63],"by":[11,19],"pull":[12,52,69,73,81,104,127,142],"requests,":[13,70],"which":[14,26,145],"are":[15,129],"accepted":[16],"or":[17],"rejected":[18],"reviewers.":[20,43],"Contributors":[21],"may":[22],"modify":[23],"code,":[25],"causes":[27],"several":[28],"iterations":[29],"of":[30,102,149,162],"review":[32,58,157,190],"and":[34,42,71,164,183,193],"makes":[35],"reviews":[37],"time-consuming":[38],"for":[39],"both":[40],"this":[45],"article,":[46],"we":[47,89,120,132],"set":[48],"out":[49],"study":[51],"request":[53,74,143],"modifications":[54,75,111,174],"in":[55],"a":[56,134,187],"process.":[59],"We":[60],"collect":[61],"nine":[62],"on":[64],"GitHub":[65],"with":[66,110,169],"104":[67],"307":[68],"investigate":[72],"through":[76],"analyzing":[77],"added":[78],"commits":[79],"after":[80],"requests\u2019":[82],"submission.":[83],"By":[84],"studying":[85],"four":[86],"research":[87],"questions,":[88],"conclude":[90,121],"our":[91],"major":[92],"findings":[93,180],"as":[94],"follow.":[95],"First,":[96],"34.56":[97],"<inline-formula":[98],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[99],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[100],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[101],"collected":[103],"requests":[105,109,128,168],"have":[106,112,175],"modifications.":[107],"Pull":[108,167],"longer":[113],"lifetime":[114,163],"but":[115],"higher":[116],"pass":[117,165],"rates.":[118],"Second,":[119],"eight":[122],"modification":[123,153],"types":[124,154],"indicating":[125],"why":[126],"modified.":[130],"Third,":[131],"propose":[133],"novel":[135],"method":[136],"called":[137],"MClassify":[138],"automatically":[140],"classify":[141],"modifications,":[144],"achieves":[146],"the":[147,160,176],"accuracy":[148],"0.807.":[150],"Fourth,":[151],"various":[152],"affect":[155],"differently":[158],"from":[159],"perspective":[161],"rate.":[166],"source":[170],"control":[171],"system":[172],"management":[173],"longest":[177],"lifetime.":[178],"These":[179],"enable":[181],"developers":[182],"researchers":[184],"understand":[186],"process":[191],"better":[192],"make":[194],"improvements.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}